and reasonably Cheap, and it is allow'd by Foreigners to be the best of its bigness in the known World, and undoubtedly the largest in America; I got to the place by 7; and had no small satisfaction in seeing the pretty Creatures, the Young Ladies, traversing the place from Stall to Stall, where they could make the best Market, some with their Maid behind them with a Basket to carry home the Purchase, Others that were designed to buy but trifles, as a little fresh Butter, a Dish of Green Peas, or the like, had Good Nature and Humility enough to be their own Porter." This pleasing picture, even after making some allowance for the floridness of Mr. Black's style, suggests comfort and plenty sufficient to present a strong contrast to the minds of those who, like Rebecca Coleman, were able to recall the hardships of the first settlement of Pennsylvania; while in New England the "city-like town of Boston with its beautiful and large buildings," described by a traveller in 1649, marked rapid progress from the little companies at Salem and Charlestown drawing close together

for safety upon the three hills of Shaw

mut.

The strongest reason for the final triumph over many and great obstacles in the early settlement is doubtless to be found in the character of the immigrants. Mr. Hollister, in his "History of Connecticut," after stating that many of those who came to New England were from the humbler walks of life, says, "The planters, the substantial landholders, who began to plant those 'three vines in the wilderness,' sprung from the better classes, and a large proportion of them from the landed gentry of England. This fact is proved not only by tracing individual families, but by the very names that those founders of our republic bore."

True as this was of New England, with its Winthrops, Saltonstalls, Endicotts, Winslows, Bradfords, Pynchons, and Wentworths, it was equally the case in the Middle and Southern Colonies, to which early came the Livingstons, Schuylers, Crugers, De Peysters, De Lanceys, Montgomerys, Peningtons, Lloyds, Rodneys,

Calverts, Francises, Ravenels, Pringles, and Izards. If, as has often been said, and with some truth, Virginia was a Botany Bay for English criminals, it is only fair to acknowledge that many of these were political offenders, and as likely to be in the right as their accusers. England also sent to this Colony the Washingtons, Fairfaxes, Byrds, Harrisons, Spotswoods, Culpepers, Skipwiths, Pages, and Randolphs.

One needs only to glance over these names to realize that they did not, as a rule, belong to irresponsible adventurers, although of such there were some in all the Colonies.

Men who came from families of good position on the other side of the water felt it no dishonor to put their hands to any honest toil that had for its object the work of home-making and nationbuilding. Hence among the first settlers of Pennsylvania we find many good English names connected with the trades of tailor, hatter, carpenter, and the like, while from early New England records we learn

that Roger Wolcott, a Colonial governor and a man of letters, worked in the field; that Governor Leete kept a store; while John Dunton, when he came to Boston in 1696, rejoiced to find Mr. Samuel Shrimpton's "stately house there, with a Brass Kettle atop, to show his Father was not ashamed of his Original."

Later, when the idea of good livings to be made in a country where land was to be had for the asking and where fortunes might be gained through trade with the Indies, prevailed through Great Britain and the Continent, a different class of people came to America. Many of these were skilled workers, thrifty in their habits, good, law-abiding citizens, like the Scotch and Irish from Ulster and the Germans who settled Germantown and came in such numbers to other portions of Pennsylvania.

In the Southern Colonies there seem to have been fewer men of a practical stamp in the earliest immigrations; hence from Virginia, John Smith, and later Lord Delaware, wrote home that they could not set

tle the Colony without "men of quality, and painstaking men of arts and practices, chosen out and sent into the business." This was William Penn's principle, so strongly emphasized in the settlement of Pennsylvania, that the learning of a trade was the fittest equipment for colonization. Mr. Douglas Campbell has recounted the debt that the New England settlers owe to their temporary residence among the thrifty Hollanders, in legislation as well as in manufactures, commerce, and other arts of life. Pennsylvania also owes something to the Dutch, as it is safe to believe that the founder of the Province derived many of the practical elements in his well-balanced character from his Dutch mother, Margaret Jasper.

Simplicity of manners prevailed for many years from necessity, but the settlers of Pennsylvania surrounded themselves with whatever comforts and conveniences they could command. An extensive commerce was soon established with the Indies and the ports of Southern Europe, while the Germans and the Scotch-Irish added

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