were classed as obsolete and 4 as obsolescent. This situation obtained because the new aviation developments and the secrets of the belligerents in the war had been zealously guarded from neutrals. From that date to November 30, 1918 (the armistice with Germany having been signed on November 11, 1919) there were produced in the United States 9,503 training planes and 17,673 training engines.

The De Haviland-4 observation and day Lombing plane was the only plane put into maximum production in this country. By the signing of the armistice 3,227 had been completed and 1,885 had been shipped overseas, of which 667 had reached the zone of advance. At the time of the armistice, the plane was being produced at the rate of over 1,100 a month.

The twelve-cylinder Liberty engine was the most valuable contribution of the United States to the air efforts of the Entente Allies in the war. Before the signing of the armistice, 13,574 had been completed, 4,435 had been shipped to the American Expeditionary Forces and 1,025 had been delivered to America's associates in the war. The production of Liberty engines in October, 1919, was more than 3,850. The total number of all airplane engines produced in the United States was 16,325.

Aviation training schools in the United States graduated 8,602 men from the elementary courses and 4,028 from the advanced courses. More than 5,000 pilots and observers were sent overseas. The total personnel of the Air Service increased from 1.200 in April, 1917, to almost 200,000 in November, 1918.

The first American air squadrons went into action in France in April, 1918. By the armistice, there were 45 such squadrons, with an equipment of 740 planes. Of all the planes sent to the zone of advance for American aviators, about one-fourth were of American manufacture, the remainder coming from America's allies.

In the battles of Château-Thierry, the St. Mihiel Salient and the Meuse-Argonne, American aviators brought down 755 enemy planes, with a loss of only 357 planes of their own.

The number of observation balloons produced was 642. Of these, 369 were shipped

overseas.

Aircraft Production, Bureau and Director of, created and duties assigned, 8515, 8516.

ers.

Alabama.-One of the southern group of states; nicknamed, the "Land of FlowThe name is Indian and means "Here we rest," and has been adopted as the motto of the State. Alabama is bounded on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Georgia, and on the west by Mississippi. It is about 330 miles in length from north to south and its greatest width is 200 miles. It contains 51,998 square miles of area, or about 33,000,000 acres. The State was admitted into the Union Dec. 14, 1819, seceded Jan. 11, 1861, and was readmitted by act of Congress June 25, 1868 (pages 3521, 3857.) The latest estimate of the population was 2,395,270, of which about 40 per cent was negro.

The latest figures for education indicate that 375,824 of the 454,478 white children of school age were enrolled in the schools of the state, and 190,250 of the 315,327 negro children. The average attendance in the white schools was 235,393, with 9,050 teachers with an average salary (woman's) of $367. The average attendance in the negro schools was 102,398, with 2,716 teachers with an average salary (woman's) of $172. Twelve per cent of the white children and twenty-five per cent of the negro children were not at school for one day during the school year.

The staple production of Alabama is cotton, though corn, oats, wheat, and all kinds of vegetables are produced in abundance, besides butter, cheese, and lumber. Alabama is particularly rich in mineral deposits. A vein of bituminous coal runs eastward from Tuscaloosa into Georgia. The statuary granite of Alabama is among the best in the United States. The chief industries of the State are farming and the manufacture of iron and cotton fabrics. The latest figures for the chief agricultural products are as follows:

The Iron ores of Alabama, though inferior to those of Lake Superior, have a compensating advantage in lying near beds of good coking coal and of limestone suitable for fluxing, so that Birmingham, the Pittsburgh of the South, can manufacture pig iron cheaper than any other place in the world. Before 1882, when the boom began, the coal production of Alabama had not amounted to as much as half a million tons In any one year; in 1913 it was 17,678,522 tons. The value of the coal product of Alabama is approximately two-thirds that of the total mineral output, amounting in 1913 to $23,083,724.

The latest figures for the coal production were 21,280,000 net tons, an increase of 60 per cent over the preceding year. Some 5,350,000 tons of coke were produced, and 1,230,000 gross tons of iron ore.

The number of manufacturing establishments in Alabama having an annual output valued at $500 or more at the beginning of 1915 was 3,240. The amount of capital invested was $218,062,000 giving occupation to 87,916 persons, using material valued at

Proclaimed, 3837.

Indian depredations in, 1645.

Indians attempt to establish govern-
ment in, 1020.

Lands granted to, in aid of railroads
referred to, 3580.

Memorial from colored citizens of
Montgomery asking rights of cit-
izenship referred to, 4258.
Property owners in, should be com-
pensated for losses sustained, 1474.
Provisional governor for, appointed
and restoration of, into Union, 3521.
Railroads in, memorial from legisla-
ture of, asking extension of time to
complete, 3579.

Alabama Claims.-During the Civil War in
the United States the Queen of England
issued a proclamation of neutrality, May
13, 1861, granting belligerent rights to both
combatants and forbidding her subjects to
take part with either. Great Britain's
laws prohibited the equipment of any land
or naval forces within her dominions to
act against any friendly power. Notwith-
standing this prohibition, the Alabama,
Florida, Georgia, Shenandoah, and other
vessels were built in Great Britain for the
Confederate States, and, regardless of the
remonstrances of the American ministry,
were allowed to escape from British ports
fitted out as commerce destroyers. In less
than two months the Alabama had taken
twenty-seven prizes. After a long cruise
among islands of the East and West Indies
and along the coast of Brazil the Alabama
came to anchor at Cherbourg, France. Off
this harbor she was sunk by the U. S. S.
Kearsarge, after having destroyed 58 ves-
sels and about $6,550,000 worth of prop-
erty. After the war the United States
pressed a claim for damages against Great
Britain. After much discussion it was
agreed to submit the matter to a court of
arbitration composed of Charles Francis
Adams, appointed by the President of the
United States; Sir Alexander Cockburn, by
the Queen of England: Count Federigo
Sclopis, by the King of Italy; M. Jacques
Staempfli, by the President of Switzerland,
and Viscount d'Itajuba, by the Emperor of
Brazil. The commissioners met at Geneva,
Switzerland, Dec. 15. 1871, Count Sclopis
presiding, The United States was award-
ed $15,500,000 in gold in satisfaction for
all claims. All claims to indirect dam-
ages were rejected, and Great Britain was
beld culpable for not doing more to pre-
vent the sailing and success of the cruisers.
The award was paid. (See Geneva Tri-
bunal and illustration opposite 3664.)

Alabama Indians. (See Indian Tribes.)
Alabama, The, destruction of, by the

Kearsarge referred to, 3457. (See also
Alabama Claims.)

Alamo.-Originally built as a church, situ-
ated on the San Antonio River, near San
Antonio, Texas, it was converted into a
fort. In February, 1836, It
pied by Colonel W. B. Travis with 140
men who were in arms against the govern-
ment of Mexico. The party was besieged

was

occu-

by some 2,000 Mexicans under Santa Ana
from February 23 until March 6, when the
place was surrendered to Santa Ana under
the promise of his protection. At the com-
mand of that general, however, the six
survivors, including David Crockett and
Colonel Bowie, famous frontiersmen, were
massacred, and the bodies of their com-
rades were mutilated. Thereafter Texans

were roused to fury by the cry, "Remember
the Alamo !" In allusion to the heroic de-
fense made by the Greeks of antiquity at
Thermopylæ, this struggle was sometimes
referred to as the Thermopyla of Texas.
Alaska. History. Alaska derives its
name from an English corruption of the
native word "Al-ay-ek-sa," probably mean-
ing "The great land" or "Mainland."

The region now known as Alaska was
first explored by the Russian officers Bering
and Chirikov in 1741. Russian traders and
trappers soon entered the country and
through their activity other nations became
interested in this region. Spanish expedi-
tions in 1774 and 1775 visited the south-
eastern shore and in 1778 the English Ex-
plorer, Capt. James Cook, made extensive
surveys of the coast for the British Gov-
ernment. The first settlement was made by
the Russians at Three Saints on Kodiak
Island in 1784, and in 1804 the Russian-

American Co. founded Sitka, making it the
seat of government in the following year.

In 1799 the trade and regulation of the
Russian possessions in America, were given
over to the Russian-American Co. for a
term of 20 years, which was afterwards
twice renewed for similar periods.

In 1821 Russia attempted by ukase_to
exclude foreign navigators from Bering Sea
and the Pacific coast of her possessions,
which caused a controversy with the United
States and Great Britain. The question
was settled by a treaty with the United
States in 1824 and one with Great Britain
in 1825, by which the boundaries of the
Russian possessions in America were per-
manently fixed.

In March, 1867, Alaska was purchased
by the United States for the sum of $7,-
200,000 in gold, and in October of the
same year the formal transfer was made
at Sitka. From 1867 to 1877 Alaska was
governed by the War Department, although
the customs were from the beginning col-
lected by the Treasury Department, and
with the latter the control rested from 1877
until the passage of the act of 1884. This
act extended over Alaska the laws of the
State of Oregon so far as they were ap-
plicable, created a judicial district and a
land district, put in force the mining laws
of the United States, and gave the country
an administrative system.

The influx of settlers after the discovery
of gold in the Klondike in 1896 rendered
more adequate laws necessary. In 1899
and 1900 Congress made provisions for a
code of civil and criminal law, and in 1903
passed a homestead act.

There had long been a disagreement with
Great Britain over the location of the
boundary line between Canada and Alaska,
owing to a difference in the Interpretation
of a treaty made between Russia and
Great Britain in 1825, defining this bound-
ary; and on the discovery of gold in
Alaska, in 1895-96, this matter reached a
serious stage. The main point of differ
ence was whether the boundary line should
be thirty marine leagues (mentioned in
the Russia-Great Britain treaty of 1825)
east from the western boundary of the
Islands off the Alaska coast, or that dis-
tance east of the mainland coast. In 1899
a provisionary boundary was agreed upon,
and on Jan. 24, 1903, a treaty was signed
between Great Britain and the United
States providing for a tribunal of three
British and three American commissioners
to settle the dispute. The treaty was rati-
fled by the United States Senate on Feb.
11, 1903, and on March 3 ratifications were
exchanged between the two governments.
The commission sat in London and on Oct.
17, 1903, made a decision mainly in favor
of the United States, granting Canada ac-
cess to the Pacific only near the southern
end of the boundary and giving her Wales
and Pease islands, in Portland Canal.
June, 1904, a survey of the boundary thus
determined was begun by engineers of the
United States and Canada.

In

By the act of May 7, 1906, Alaska was
given power to elect a Delegate to Congress.
The act of August 24, 1912, provided for
the creation of a Territorial legislature.

The Sixty-second Congress on Aug. 24,
1912, passed a law creating a territorial
government for Alaska and establishing Ju.
neau as the capital. In order to develop
the mineral possibilities and prevent a
threatened monopoly of the coal fields a
railroad commission was appointed to con-
duct an examination Into the transporta-

tion question in the Territory of Alaska.
Upon the report of this committee was
based legislation providing for purchase or
construction of railroads and the leasing of
the coal lands, The act of March 12, 1914.
authorized the President to purchase or
construct 1,000 miles of railroad at a cost
not to exceed $35,000,000 to connect one
or more of the open Pacific harbors on the
southern coast of Alaska with the navigable
rivers of the interior, and with one or more
of the known coal fields. This railroad may
be leased or operated by the government,
as Congress may see fit. The act of Oct.
22 provided for the lease of coal lands at
two cents a ton for the coal mined.

Geography.-Alaska in its greatest ex-
tent is included between the meridians of
130° west longitude and 173° east longitude
and between the parallels of 51° and
72° north latitude. It is bounded on the
north by the Arctic Ocean, on the west by
the Arctic Ocean, Bering Strait, and Bering
Sea, on the south and southwest by the
Gulf of Alaska and the Pacific Ocean, and
on the east by the Yukon Territory and
British Columbia. The eastern boundary
from the Arctic Ocean to the neighborhood
of Mount St. Elias is the one hundred and
forty-first meridian; thence southeastward
to Portland Canal it is irregular and can-
not be described in general terms.

The area of Alaska is 590,884 square
miles, about one-fifth that of the United
States. The popular conception of the size
of Alaska is based on maps of North Amer-
ica, which always distort it. The map of
Alaska, superimposed on a map of the
United States of the same scale, demon-
strates that the distance from the eastern-
most to the westernmost point in Alaska is
equal to the distance from the Atlantic to
the Pacific in the latitude of Los Angeles,
and that its northernmost and southern-
most points are nearly as far apart as the
Mexican and the Canadian boundaries of
the United States.

The main mass of Alaska is nearly rec-
tangular and is carved out from the con-
tinent by Mackenzie Bay on the north and
the Gulf of Alaska on the south. An ex-
tension to the southeast is furnished by
the so-called panhandle of southeastern
Alaska, and to the southwest by the Alaska
Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands.

Topography.-The main topographic fea-
tures of Alaska are similar to those of the
western United States. The highlands of
Alaska, like those of the United States and
Canada, are in general parallel to the coast
line, and the four topographic provinces of
the United States are fairly well defined
throughout western Canada and continue
into Alaska. Along the Pacific coast of
Alaska and British Columbia is a moun-
tainous belt 50 to 200 miles in width, which
is the westernmost of the four provinces,
and may be designated the "Pacific Moun-
tain system." It properly includes the
mountainous Alexander Archipelago and
Aleutian Islands, as well as a number of
other island groups. While this region is
in the main rugged and mountainous, its
ranges are distinct and often separated by
broad valleys or indentations of the coast
line, forming in several cases large basins,
like that of the Copper River. Except for
a section of the inner slope which drains
into the Yukon and Kuskokwim, its waters
reach the Pacific through streams flowing
transverse to the axis of the mountains.

East and north of the Pacific Mountains
Is the Central Plateau region, correspond-
ing in a broad way with the Central
Plateau of the western United States and

in order of value by fox, mink and muskrat.
The seal herd on the Pribilof Islands
showed a population of about 553,000, of
which 167,527 were breeding cows and 167,-
527 were pups.

The importation of reindeer from Siberia
Into Alaska began in 1892 in order to fur-
nish material for food and clothing for the
Eskimo in the vicinity of Bering Strait

On June 30, 1917, there were 82,151
reindeer in 76 herds.

Schools. The territory maintains for
the native children 67 schools, with a staff
of 6 superintendents, 133 teachers, 9 physi-
clans and 13 nurses. The last annual na-
tive enrollment was 930. There are 77
native schools maintained by the Bureau of
Education, with 3,341 pupils enrolled and
145 teachers. There are 16 schools in in-
corporated towns for white children, with
an enrollment of 1,828. Outside of incor-
porated towns, the territory maintains
schools for white children and children of
mixed parentage to the number of 52, with
65 teachers and an enrollment of 1,357.

There are in Alaska 23 newspapers; 18
banks, with deposits of about $6,500,000
and capital of $655,000; about 160 post-
offices; 15 army, 7 navy and 13 commercial
radio stations.

Telegraph and Cable Lines.-Telegraph
and cable lines and a wireless system are
constructed and operated by the War De-
partment. The military cable line has its
Southern terminus at Seattle, Wash., where
connection is made with the commercial
telegraph companies.

Transportation.-The Yukon and the Kus-
kokwim are navigable during the thirteen
to fifteen weeks of the open season, in con-
nection wth ocean-borne commerce. The
Yukon is navigable for about 2,200 miles,
into Canada, and its tributary, the Tanana,
is navigable to Chena, near Fairbanks. The
Kuskokwim is navigable for about 650 miles,
and, like the Yukon, has many navigable
tributaries. There are a number of ports
along the Pacific which are always open.
There are three regular passenger
freight steamship lines serving
Alaska.

and
coastal

The private railroads are primarily ore-
and fish-carrying, but perform also the serv-
ices of common carriers. The chief of these
is the Copper River and Northwestern, from
Cordova to Kennicott, a distance of about
200 miles. The White Pass and Yukon
Railroad, from Skagway to Whitehorse,
Canada, has 23 miles of its route within
Alaska. The Yakutat and Southern runs
from Seward to Fairbanks. There are sev-
eral other railroads, chiefly on the Seward
Peninsula, and narrow-gauge.

Government Railroad.-In 1914, Congress
appropriated $35,000,000 for the construc-
tion of a Government railroad in Alaska.
The sum was later increased by $21,000,000.
The work was prosecuted under the direc-
tion of the Alaskan Engineering Commis-
sion. The route selected was from Seward
to Fairbanks, a distance of 471 miles. The
project included the purchase of the Alas-
kan Northern Railroad, which ran about 71
miles north from Seward, and the Tanana
Valley Railroad, from Fairbanks to Chata-
nika, about 39 miles, the latter utilized as
a feeder. A side line extends from Mata-
nuska Junction into the Matanuska coal
fields, a distance of 38 miles, with a 3-mile
spur up Eska Creek.

The construction of the main line was
finished in 1922, by which time the branch
lines to Matanuska and along the Tanana
River had been in operation for some time.
Seven miles of the Tanana Railroad were
used, and of the Alaska Northern, only a
section could be used, much of the grade
being abandoned beyond Spencer Summit,
53 miles north of Seward. The main con-
struction base was at Fairbanks.

The Federal Government has constructed
about 5,000 miles of wagon road, of which
about 400 have a gravel surface and are
suited for light automobile traffic. The
main road is that connecting Fairbanks
with Valdez on the coast and Chitina on the
Copper Valley Railroad, on which a regular
wagon and sled stage service is maintained.
Other roads are in existence or under con-
struction to connect with the Government
Railroad. The territorial government also
constructs roads, and roads within the na-
tional forests are opened up by the Bureau
of Public Roads.

Alaska:

Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition com.
mended, 7052, 7103.
Attempted occupation of portion of,
by Great Britain and Canada, 6097.
Attempts of Great Britain and Can-
ada to establish post routes in,
6097.

Boundary line with British posses-
sions-

Commission to determine, recom-
mended, 4141, 4918.

Discussed, 4141, 4917, 4985, 5366,
5400. 5958, 6063, 6370, 6430.
6792, 6826.

Report regarding, referred to,
4985.

Cession of, to United States--
Discussed, 3778, 3886.
Referred to, 3798.

Treaty regarding, referred to, 3719,

3722.

Appropriation for payment un-
der, recommended, 3719, 3778.
Chinese in, cruel treatment of, 5083.
Coal fields of, 7561, 7564, 7720.
Coast line charts for, 8019.
Collection district established at Sit-
ka, 3865.

Commission government suggested
for, 7436, 7535, 7722.

Conditions of, 6725, 6792, 6799, 6918,
6919, 7019.

Controller Bay, opening to settle-
ment of land on, discussed, 7599.
Delegate to Congress from, discussed,
6920, 7019.

Development of, discussed by Presi
dent-

Roosevelt, 6920.

Taft, 7616.

Wilson, 7912.

Education in, appropriation for, rec-
ommended, 4667, 5483, 6453.