* Mr. Van Alen was confirmed by the Senate but declined, and Mr. MacVeagh was appointed.

THE official flag of the United States bears forty-five stars in a blue field, arranged in six rows-the first, third, and fifth rows having eight stars each, and the others having seven stars each. The garrison flag of the Army is made of bunting, thirty-six feet fly and twenty feet hoist; thirteen stripes, and in the upper quarter, next the staff, is the field or "union" of stars, equal to the number of States, on blue field, over one-third length of the flag, extending to the lower edge of the fourth red stripe from the top. The storm flag is twenty feet by ten feet, and the recruiting flag nine feet nine inches by four feet four inches. The American Jack" is the "union" or blue field of the flag. The Revenue Marine Service flag, authorized by act of Congress, March 2, 1799, was originally prescribed to consist of sixteen perpendicularstripes, alternate red and white, the union of the ensign bearing the arms of the United States in dark blue.on a white field." The sixteen stripes represented the number of States which had been admitted to the Union at that time, and no change has been made since. Prior to 1871 it bore an eagle in the union of the pennant, which was then substituted by thirteen blue stars in a white field, but the eagle and stars are still retained in the flag. June 14, the anniversary of the adoption of the National flag, is celebrated as Flag Day in the public schools, and by the display of the emblem on public buildings and private houses in a large part of the Union.

Labor Legislation.

ANTI-BOYCOTTING AND ANTI-BLACKLISTING LAWS.

THE States having laws prohibiting boycotting in terms are Colorado, Illinois, and Wisconsin. The States having laws prohibiting blacklisting in terms are Alabama, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Utah, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin.

The following States have laws which may be fairly construed as prohibiting boycotting: Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, and Wisconsin.

The following States have laws which may be fairly construed as prohibiting blacklisting: Georgia, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, and South Dakota.

In the following States it is unlawful for any employer to exact an agreement, either written or verbal, from an employé not to join or become a member of any labor organization, as a condition of employment: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Indiana, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.

THE WORLD ALMANAC is indebted to Commissioner Wright, of the U. S. Department of Labor, for the summary of eight hours, anti-boycotting, and anti-blacklisting laws, and the tables on the next page, revised to date. EIGHT-HOUR LAWS.

California.-Eight hours of labor constitute a day's work, unless it is otherwise expressly stipulated by the parties to a contract. The time of service of all laborers, workmen, and mechanics employed upon any public works of, or work done for, the State, or for any political sub-division thereof, whether the work is to be done by contract or otherwise, is limited and restricted to eight hours in any one calendar day, and a stipulation that no workman, laborer, or mechanic in the employ of the contractor or sub-contractor shall be required or permitted to work more than eight hours in any one calendar day, except in cases of extraordinary emergency, shall be contained in every contract to which the State or any political sub-division thereof is a party. In the case of drivers, conductors, and gripmen of street-cars for the carriage of passengers, a day's work consists of twelve hours. Employment of minors under the age of eighteen in any place of labor for more than nine hours in any one day prohibited, except when necessary to make repairs to prevent the interruption of the ordinary running of the machinery, or when a different apportionment of the hours of labor is made for the sole purpose of making a shorter day's work for one day of the week; and in no case must the hours of labor for such minors exceed fifty-four hours in a week. This does not apply to those engaged in vinicultural or horticultural pursuits, or in domestic or household occupations. Colorado.-Eight hours constitute a day's work for all workingmen employed by the State, or any county, township, school district, municipality, or incorporated town.

Connecticut.-Eight hours of labor constitute a lawful day's work unless otherwise agreed. District of Columbia.-Eight hours constitute a day's work for all laborers or mechanics employed by or on behalf of the District of Columbia.

Idaho.-Eight hours' actual work constitute a lawful day's work on all State, county, and municipal works.

Illinois. Eight hours are a legal day's work in all mechanical employments, except on farms, and when otherwise agreed; does not apply to service by the day, week, or month, or prevent contracts for longer hours.

Indiana.-Eight hours of labor constitute a legal day's work for all classes of mechanics, workingmen, and laborers, excepting those engaged in agricultural and domestic labor. Overwork by agreement and for extra compensation is permitted. The employment of persons under fourteen years of age for more than eight hours per day is absolutely prohibited.

Kansas.-Eight hours constitute a day's work for all laborers, mechanics, or other persons employed by or on behalf of the State or any county, city, township, or other municipality.

Massachusetts.-Eight hours shall constitute a day's work for all laborers, workmen, and mechanics employed by or on behalf of any city or town in the Commonwealth. Employment of minors under eighteen years of age and women in mercantile establishments for more than fiftyeight hours in any one week is prohibited. This does not apply during the month of December in each year to persons employed in shops for the sale of goods at retail.

Missouri.-Eight hours constitute a legal day's work. The law does not prevent an agreement to work for a longer or a shorter time and does not apply to laborers and farm hands in the service of farmers or others engaged in agriculture.

Montana. Eight hours constitute a legal day's work for persons engaged to operate or handle any first-motion or direct-acting hoisting engine, or any geared or indirect-acting hoisting engine at any mine employing fifteen or more men underground when the duties of fireman are performed by the person so engaged; also for any stationary engineer operating a stationary engine developing fifty or more horse-power when such engineer has charge or control of a boiler or boilers in addition to his other duties. The law applies only to such steam plants as are in continuous operation or are operated twenty or more hours in each twenty-four hours, and does not apply to persons running any engine more than eight hours in each twenty-four for the purpose of relieving another employé in case of sickness or other unforeseen cause.

Nebraska. Eight hours constitute a legal day's work for all classes of mechanics, servants, and laborers, except those engaged in farm or domestic labor.

New Jersey.-Eight hours constitute a day's labor on any day whereon any general or municipal election shall be held. New York.-Eight hours constitute a day's work for all classes of employés, except in farm or domestic labor. Overwork for extra pay is permitted, except upon work by or for the State or a municipal corporation, or by contractors or sub-contractors therewith. The law applies to those employed by the State or municipality, or by persons contracting for State work, and each contract to which the State or a municipal corporation is a party shall contain a stipulation that no workman, laborer, or mechanic in the employ of the contractor, sub-contractor, etc., shall be permitted or required to work more than eight hours in any one calendar day, except in cases of extraordinary emergency.

Ohio.-Eight hours shall constitute a day's work in all engagements to labor in any mechanical, manufacturing, or mining business, unless otherwise expressly stipulated in the contract. But in case of conductors, engineers, firemen, or trainmen of railroads, a day's work consists of ten hours. The service of all laborers, workmen, and mechanics employed upon any public work of, or work done for the State, or for any political subdivision thereof, is limited and restricted to eight hours in any one calendar day.

LABOR LEGISLATION-Continued.

Pennsylvania.-Eight hours of labor shall be deemed and held to be a legal day's work in all cases of labor and service by the day where there is no agreement or contract to the contrary. This does not apply to farm or agricultural labor by the year; month, or week, to labor in factories, laundries, and renovating establishments, or to labor on street railways.

Eight hours out of the twenty-four shall make and constitute a day's labor in penitentiaries and reformatory institutions receiving support from the State, also for all mechanics, workmen, and laborers in the employ of the State, or of any municipal corporation therein, or otherwise engaged on public works; this shall be deemed to apply to mechanics, workingmen, or laborers in the employ of persons contracting with the State or any municipal corporation therein, for the performance of public work.

Tennessee.-Eight hours shall be a day's work upon the highways, whether performed by convicts or free road hands.

Utah.-Eight hours constitute a day's work upon all public works and in all underground mines or workings, smelters, and all other institutions for the reduction or refining of ores.

Washington.-Eight hours in any calendar day shall constitute a day's work or any work done for the State, county, or municipality. In cases of extraordinary emergency overtime may be worked for extra pay.

West Virginia.-Eight hours shall constitute a day's work for all laborers, workmen, and mechanics who may be employed by or on behalf of the State.

Wisconsin. In all engagements to labor in any manufacturing or mechanical business, where there is no express contract to the contrary, a day's work shall consist of eight hours; but the law does not apply to contracts for labor by the week, month, or year. In all manufactories, workshops, or other places used for mechanical or manufacturing purposes, the time of labor of women employed therein shall not exceed eight hours in the day. No person under the age of sixteen years shall be employed, required, permitted, or suffered to work for wages at any gainful occupation longer than ten hours in any one day.

Wyoming.-Eight hours' actual work constitute a legal day's work in all mines and public works. United States.-Eight hours shall constitute a day's work for all laborers, workmen, and mechanics who may be employed by or on behalf of the United States.

General Labor Organizations.

AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR.

PRESIDENT, Samuel Gompers, 423 G Street, N. W., Washington, D. C.; Secretary, Frank Morrison, same address; Treasurer, John B. Lennon, Bloomington, III.; First Vice-President, James Duncan, Boston, Mass.; Second Vice-President, John Mitchell, Indianapolis, Ind.; Third Vice-President, James O'Connell, Washington, D. C.; Fourth Vice-President, Max Morris, Denver, Col.; Fifth Vice-President, Thomas I. Kidd, Chicago, Ill.; Sixth Vice-President, Denis D. Hayes, Philadelphia, Pa. The Federation is composed of 86 affiliated national unions, 20 State branches, 311 city central unions, and 1,208 local unions. The aggregate membership is 900,000. The affiliated unions publish about 235 weekly or monthly papers, devoted to the cause of labor. The official organ is the American Federationist, edited by Samuel Gompers. About 700 organizers of local unions are acting under the orders of the Federation. The objects and aims of the American Federation of Labor are officially stated to be to render employment and the means of subsistence less precarious by securing to the workers an equitable share of the fruits of their labor.

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL UNIONS COMPRISING THE AMERICAN
FEDERATION OF LABOR.

Actors' National Protective Union.
Allied Metal Mechanics, International Ass'n of.
Barbers' International Union, Journeymen.
Bakers and Confectioners' International Union,
Journeymen.

Blacksmiths, International Brotherhood of.
Boiler-Makers and Iron Shipbuilders, Brother-
hood of.

Bookbinders, International Brotherhood of.
Boot and Shoe Workers' Union.

Brewery Workers, International Union of United.
Brickmakers' National Alliance.

Bridge and Structural Iron Workers of America,
International Association of.
Broommakers, International.

Carpenters and Joiners of America, United

Brotherhood of.

Carpenters and Joiners, Amalgamated Society of.
Carriage and Wagon Makers' Union, International.
Carvers' Association of North America, Inter-
national Wood.

Car Workers, International Association of.
Chainmakers' National Union of United States of
America.

Cigar-Makers' International Union of America.
Clerks' International Protective Ass'n, Retail.
Coopers' International Union of North America.
Corêmakers' International Union.

Curtain Operatives of America, Amalgamated
Lace.

Drivers' International Union, Team.

Electrical Workers of America, International
Brotherhood of.

Engineers, National Brotherhood of Coal-Hoisting.
Engineers, International Union of Steam.
Engineers, Amalgamated Society of.

Engravers, Internationa. Ass'n of Watch-Case.

Firemen, International Brotherhood of Stationary. Fitters and Helpers, National Association of Steam and Hot Water.

Garment Workers of America, United.

Garment Workers' Union, International Ladies'.
Glass Bottle-Blowers' Association.
Glass Workers' Union, American Flint.

Glass Workers' International Association, Amal-
gamated.

Grinders' National Union, Table Knife.
Granite Cutters' National Union.
Hatters, United, of North America.
Horseshoers, International Union of Journeymen.
Hotel and Restaurant Employés' International
Alliance.

Iron and Steel Workers' Amalgamated Ass'n.
Jewelry Workers' Union of America,
gamated.

Lathers, Wood, Wire and Metal.

Amal

Leather Workers on Horse Goods, International
Brotherhood of.

Leather Workers' Union of America, Amal-
gamated.

Laundry Workers' International Union, Shirt,
Waist and.

Longshoremen's International Association.
Machinists' International Association.

Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen, Amal-
gamated Association of.

Metal Polishers, Buffers, Platers and Brass
Workers.

Metal Workers, Sheet, International Ass'n of.
Metal Workers' International Union, United.
Mine Workers of America, United.

Mine Workers' Progressive Union, Northern
Mineral.

Moulders, Iron, Union of America.