siderably less than in employment. The gain in man-hours for all workers was only 6.2 percent, the percentage rise being 1.9 for males and 8.9 for females. With an increase in weekly hours following the abolition of the code, as well as a further rise in employment, the total man-hours advanced again by 14.9 percent (13.9 percent for males and 15.5 percent for females) from August 1934 to August 1935. The total gain in man-hours for the entire period was 16.1 percent for males, 25.8 percent for females, and 22.0 percent for both males and females.

The increase in average hourly earnings as a result of the code, coupled with the gain in man-hours, accounts for the large expansion in the industry's pay rolls between May 1933 and August 1934. The rise in pay rolls amounted to 29.4 percent for males, 48.5 percent for females, and 39.3 percent for the two sexes combined. Although the average earnings per hour declined somewhat between August 1934 and August 1935, the gain in man-hours (due to greater employment and a rise in the average workweek) was sufficient to bring about a further increase in pay rolls, which amounted to 12.2 percent for all workers (11.3 percent for males and 12.9 percent for females). The total gain for the entire period was 44.0 percent for males, 67.7 percent for females, and 56.3 percent for both sexes.

Appendix II.-Technological Processes and Occupational

Descriptions

General

Broadly speaking, there are three kinds of paper boxes, namely, set-up boxes, folding boxes, and corrugated and solid fiber shipping containers. While the last-mentioned type is used exclusively as an outside box both in the packing and shipping of goods, the set-up and folding types are generally utilized for packaging purposes.

The set-up box differs in many respects from the folding box. Blanks for the set-up box must first be cut to size, then scored, and finally cornered or notched; while blanks for the folding box are diedout on presses in one operation. The shaping and setting of these boxes also differ, as the set-up box must first be shaped in the form of a box and the ends either stayed or glued, while the folding box need only be folded or at best folded and glued or stitched. The greatest and perhaps most important point of difference between these two kinds of boxes, however, is that when finished the set-up box is fully erected and rigid in form, while the folding box is generally "flat" and for that reason very compact. Lastly, because set-up boxes are rigid and bulky, they cannot be shipped economically to distant points like folding boxes. Hence, the manufacturers of set-up boxes must build their plants within easy reach of the consuming markets, which are seldom near the sources of raw materials.

From a distinctly hand industry, the making of set-up boxes has gradually become mechanized, until today only a few hand operations remain. During the latter half of the nineteenth century, hand tools and crude machines operated either by hand or foot were replaced by more advanced steam-driven machinery. The advent of the electric motor further accelerated the mechanization of this industry.

The far-reaching changes which took place in the set-up box industry during the last half of the nineteenth century are revealed in the Thirteenth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor.1 From this report it appears that the time required to make 1,000 collar and cuff boxes (6%1⁄2 by 6%1⁄2 by 3 inches) dropped from 58%1⁄2 man-hours in 1868, when only hand tools were used, to 33 man-hours in 1895, when steam-driven machines were used. Likewise, the introduction of machines in the manufacture of men's hat boxes reduced the time per 1,000 boxes (6 by 10 by 12 inches) from 205 man-hours in 1860

1 Vol. 1, pp. 124-128.

to 63% man-hours in 1896. Perhaps the greatest saving in time was effected when machines were introduced in the manufacture of shoe boxes. It took 228 man-hours to make 1,000 shoe boxes (11%1⁄2 by 6 by 3% inches) in 1867 under the hand method, while in 1895 with the use of machines the same number of boxes were made in 341⁄2 man-hours. This great saving in time was made possible through the development of various machines. Hand knives and gages were replaced by cutting machines equipped with cutting guides or gages. The single and double scoring machines did away with hand scoring, and the corner-cutting machine replaced the hand knife and gage. Likewise, the development of covering machines greatly reduced the time it formerly took to cover a box by hand. Furthermore, the introduction of machinery not only expedited and lightened the work, but it also made for better work and less wastage. Thus, paper and board were cut more evenly by machines than by hand, and boxes were covered more smoothly and at a great saving in materials.

Unfortunately the Bureau has no actual figures to show the changes which have actually taken place in this industry since 1895. We do know, however, that mechanization has gone on and that greater savings in time and materials have been effected. Crude machines have been perfected, and machines have been motorized and speeded up. The industry now has machines which automatically transform strips of board and covering paper into fully formed and fully covered boxes. Mechanization has not only made possible a better and a more reasonably priced product, but has also enabled industry to meet an everincreasing demand for paper boxes.

There are, in the main, two general types of set-up boxes-the "stayed" type and the "set" or pasted type. Stayed boxes are made from boxboard, which has been cut to size, scored, cornered, shaped into the form of a box, and stayed or secured at all four corners by means of adhesive paper tape or metal clips or bands. "Set" or pasted boxes are made from two board blanks in the case of "bottomset" boxes and from three board blanks in the case of "end-set" boxes, the bottom or ends of which, as the case may be, are "set" or glued to the flanges of the main or body blank. Both types of boxes are finished in like manner.

The following flow chart lists in order of occurrence the processes involved in the manufacture of set-up paper boxes. Due to the many different kinds of set-up boxes and to the special problems encountered in the manufacture of each, only the more or less standard processes have been recorded.

The various operations involved in the manufacture of a set-up box might be classified in four general groups, as follows: First, preparing the board and paper from which the box is to be made; second, shaping and setting the rough box; third, stripping or covering the rough

PROCESSES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SET-UP PAPER-BOXES

box; and fourth, finishing the box. It should not be assumed that the Ime of demarcation between each process is clearly defined, nor that all four processes will be found in each set-up establishment. Varying degrees of mechanization along with the type of box being made will greatly altor plant practice. Furthermore, there are automatic boxmaking machines, which convert strips of board and paper into fully set up and covered boxes, thereby combining in one the first three operations outlined here,

Preparatory Group of Operations

This group includes the various operations involved in the preparaFrom of paper and paper board for the actual shaping, setting, covering, and for hang of not-up paper boxes. It embraces the lining of board, whom thee to done, the cutting of paper and boxboard into strips and shoppe, and the further cutting of sheets to exact size. It also includes that sering and the cornering or notching of body blanks, the mitering of paper wrappers, and the printing of paper covers. The occupations myplyed are described as follows:

...uperator.- Sets up and is responsible for the operation of a my whole adios a paper covering to one side of the boxboard. This covgwall hanek auto as the lining of certain set-up boxes, such as candy boxes. Vaca gelarong phu distance between the pasting pressure rolls to meet the re

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plus board being lined and adjusting the end shear to cut the lined wek plo operator, with the aid of two or more helpers, mounts a roll pore tutu of the machine. He next passes the paper over a series of clara glue rolls, lines up the glue-covered paper with the board wash, and then threads the two between a series of heated rolls The pressure and the heat of these rolls cause the paper to

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adhere firmly to the board. The operator also supervises the lining operation, checks over the lined board to make sure that it is lined properly and cut to the desired length, and makes any necessary adjustments. He may also prepare the glue used in this machine.

This is a responsible job requiring a person who is mechanically inclined, accurate, and dependable. A liner operator must know the properties of paper and paperboard and be able to prepare a suitable paste. It would take from 2 to 3 years to develop an all-round liner operator.

Lining-machine feeder (or lining-machine-operator's helper).-Inserts sheets of boxboard between the rolls of the machine, taking particular care to line up each sheet so that it will enter the machine straight. The feeder also assists the operator in a general way, helping him mount rolls of paper on the machine frame, fill glue boxes, and do any general work as directed.

A careful and accurate person could learn to do this job satisfactorily in from 1 to 2 weeks.

Lining-machine taker-off (or lining-machine-operator's helper).-Works at the back of a lining machine, catching and piling up lined boards which have been sheared to length. When not catching, the take-off man does general work under the direction of the lining-machine operator.

This is an unskilled job which can be mastered in a very few days.

Sheeter operator.-Cuts rolls of paper or light board into sheets of desired size. He mounts one or more rolls of paper or light board on a rack at the front of the machine and threads the end or ends through the feeding, cutting, and piling mechanisms. He then starts the machine, examines sheets to make sure that the machine is operating satisfactorily, and also takes away piles of sheets from the back of the machine. In some plants, the operator must also set up the machine, adjust the feeding, cutting, and piling mechanisms, change and, if necessary, sharpen the cutting blade.

An average person could learn to operate a sheeting machine in a few days. To become a proficient operator, however, who could also set up the machine, would take a mechanically inclined person from 3 to 6 months.

Slitting-machine operator (or board slitter, or Seybold operator).—Cuts rolls of paper and light board into strips of the desired width. He mounts a roll of paper or board on a frame at the front end of the machine, feeds the open end between the rolls, and engages the slit strips on the revolving spools at the back of the machine. The operator also sees that the machine is operating satisfactorily, that it is supplied with paper or board, and that the spools are replaced when full. In some establishments, the operator must further set up the machine, adjust the feeding and rewinding mechanisms, and place the slitting discs on shaft and space them properly.

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A careful person could learn to perform this operation in about 2 weeks. would, however, take a mechanically inclined person 6 months or more to become a proficient operator, also able so to set up the machine and space the cutting discs as to obtain the greatest number of usable strips from a given width of paper or board.

Guillotine cutter operator (or ream cutter).—Cuts sheets of paper and board to desired size using a cutting machine of the guillotine type. He places several sheets of paper or board on the cutting table, squares the pack against the back and side guides, and then trips a lever which causes the blade to travel diagonally downward, cutting one side of the pack to size. If necessary to cut the other side of the pack to size, the operator turns the pack around and repeats the operation. In some plants, the operator must also set up the machine, adjust the gages or guides, and change, and, if necessary, sharpen the cutting blade.