in motion and able to put to sea at full speed.

Martinique, one of the French West Indies, is the second in size among the Lesser Antilles. It is entirely mountainous and was clothed with verdure nearly to the top of its highest peak..

It was discovered by Columbus in 1502 and colonized by the French in 1655. It was the birthplace of the Empress Josephine. At two periods during the Napoleonic wars it was held by the British.

The Moniteur de la Martinique publishes the results of the census taken January 1, 1902, as follows: Total population of the island, 203,781, as compared with 187,692 on January 1, 1894, an increase of 16,089. The trade of the island in 1901 was: Imports, £1,078,937; exports, £953,091. In 1900 the imports were £997,174, and the exports, £1,086,436. Total trade in 1900, £2,083,610. In 1901, £2,032,028. The decrease in value of exports was caused by the crisis in the rum and sugar industries.

The capital, Fort de France, formerly Fort Royal, is the military center of the French Antilles.

St. Pierre, which has been so devastated, was the commercial capital. (See cut, page 1352.) It was a picturesque town, situated on a broad bay, about three miles long, the water of its harbor being so deep that vessels at anchor have to run out all of their chain. Its houses of stone and brick were formerly covered with tiles, but since the hurricane of 1891 the roofs have been disfigured with tin or galvanized iron.

The sidewalks are merely paths, separated by deep gutters, through which swift streams pour down from the hills and lose themselves in the bay. It was the largest town in the French West Indies, having a population of about 25,400.

Mont Pelee, from the crater of which all the terrible destruction at Martinique has gushed forth, has been for half a century comparatively quiet. After the short eruption of 1851 the fires seemed to sink back into the earth and peace reigned the most of the time until the ominous convulsions which culminated on May 8th with an awful explosion, which seemed to burst off the whole top of the mountain. On that fatal day not only St. Pierre, with the shipping in her harbor, but also at least three other cities, were destroyed. These were Le Carbet, four miles from St. Pierre on the south, with a population of about

6,000; Le Precheur, four and a half miles northwest, with nearly 4,000 inhabitants. and Manceau, which was smaller. Four or five thousand of these people were saved by taking refuge upon higher ground, where they were surrounded by seas of hot lava until relief parties could reach them, but many perished here before aid

came.

The whole island of Martinique is composed of mountains, being little more than the summit of what may formerly have been a group of submarine volcanoes. Although its area is only 381 square miles, it has 400 mountains, the highest being Mont Pelee, which rises to an altitude 4,500 feet in the northwest extremity of the island. The three-crested Mont Carbet, midway between the northern extremity and the capital, rivals Mont Pelee in height. All along the principal range are the black and ragged cones of extinct volcanoes; indeed, the whole of the interior of Martinique has been torn and gashed by ancient earthquakes; there are perpendicular cliffs, deep gorges, black holes filled with water, and swift torrents dashing over precipices and falling into caverns, combining beauty with all the weird characteristics of volcanic scenery. But these old craters had been so long at rest that the whole region was covered with the rich verdure of the tropics. Valleys and hills, peaks and ravines, succeeded each other like ocean billows, the green in the foreground, shading off to the clear blue of the distant peaks, where the sea line remained invisible.

Mont Pelee has long been cultivated in places up to a height of 2,500 feet, but it was largely covered with dense forests containing a wonderful variety of woods, such as oaks, cedars, mahogany, silk-cotton, ironwood and palms.

So confident were the people that no danger lurked in this treacherous mountain that they built a pleasure resort at Morne Rouge, a beautiful place between the crater of the volcano and St. Pierre. During the hot months these cool and restful shades were much sought by city dwellers, and at the height of the season there was often a population of several thousands at this point. Even as early as the fatal 8th of May there may have been 700 or more persons there, and if the lava had poured down the hill directly towards St. Pierre the whole resort must have been destroyed; it has, however, been spared.

MINDANAO, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.In spite of every precaution, in the face of the utmost conciliation, we are at war with the Moros of Mindanao. Imitating the policy of Spain we made the Sultan, and the Datos of Jolo our pensioners. We left them slavery and polygamy. The Bates treaty of August 20th, 1899, conceded the sovereignty of the United States over the whole Archipelago of Jolo and its dependencies, but it provided that "the rights and dignities of His Highness, the Sultan, and his Datos shall be fully respected; the Moros shall not be interfered with on account of their religion; all their religious customs shall be respected, and no one shall be persecuted on account of his religion." It forbade encroachments on land immediately about the residence of the Sultan. It provided for the payment to the Sultan of $250, Mexican, per month, and for $75 to $60, to the Datos each, and smaller sums to other officials. It granted free trade to all the islands of the Philippines. It prohibited the transfer of the Jolo Archipelago to any other nation. In every particular it was favorable to the Sultan. It was hoped that this treaty with the Sulus would placate all the Moros, and would secure their peaceful submission to the authority of the United States, but this hope has been disappointed. An insurrection has broken out among the Moros of Mindanao. Some of our soldiers were murdered, and on the refusal by the Datos to deliver the murderers to our troops a serious war has been begun. We have captured three forts, and killed many of the natives, but this is only the beginning.

Mindanao is the most Southern island in the Philippine Archipelago. In size it is next to Luzon. It lies between latitude 5° 36 and 9° 49′ North, and longitude 125° 30, and 130° East from Madrid. Its area is about 62,000 square miles. According to the census of 1887 its population was 209,087, but this figure did not include the natives of the interior. Its languages comprise many dialects, among them a corrupt Spanish. It is divided into seven districts, as follows: Zamboanga, Misamis, Surigao, Davao, Catobato, Basilan, and Lanao. It was in the last named district that the fighting took place, but the district of Lanao is not on the map because it has recently been created. It extends on the North as far as Lumbayanequi and on the South as far as

the watershed between the laguna and the bay of Illana. The bay of Illana washes the district of Catobato. The most important products of the island of Mindanao are gold and coal. There are great auriferous deposits in the district of Misamis between the Caturan river to the East, and the Illigan River on the West and along the beds of the Bulalacao, Iparan, Cagayan, Bigaan and Catman rivers. Coal deposits exist in the vicinity of Sibugney, Surigao and Mati. Sulphur and mineral waters are plentiful in the vicinity of the various vol

canoes. Forests are abundant and there are many kinds of valuable wood, such as narra, teak, ironwood and others whose names are unknown in this country. The bamboo, the cocoanut, the betel nut, the hetel pepper and bananas grow abundantly. Hemp, chocolate and coffee grow luxuriously. Other products are cabonegro, cotton, indigo, pineapple, sugar cane, rice and tobacco. Cloves, nutmegs and cinnamon grow spontaneously. Corn, sweet potatoes, nami, ube, gabe and analogous products grow all over the island. All kinds of fruits are abundant, chief of which is the peerless mangosteen. Gums and resins are obtained from the forests. Mindanao not only equals, but surpasses, all the other islands in vegetable wealth, but so far it has not been exploited. Monkeys, hogs, horses, buffalos and deer abound. Among reptiles there are snakes, scorpions, lizards and leeches. A lizard called the "iguana" sometimes reaches six feet in length. Crocodiles are found in the rivers. Of birds there are pigeons, doves, parrots, cockatoos, jungle fowl, kingfishers and others. The celebrated article of food the bird's nest is the product of the Salangana, and is found in Mindanao and adjacent islands.

It would make this article too long if I undertook to describe in detai! each of the districts of Mindanao.

The capital town is Zamboanga. It is beautifully situated in an extensive plain. covered with groves and rice fields. Many of its buildings are of masonry, and others are of boards with galvanized zinc or nipa roofs. There are a church and convent, government_houses and a hospital. The fortress of Pilar, there situated, has stone walls, barracks, stone houses, etc., and has proved very useful in resisting the attacks of the piratical Moros. The port is protected from the winds from the South and Southwest, and the river Masinlog, three

miles to the Southeast furnishes an excellent anchorage. The town of Zamboanga has a population of 7,634, and around it are several villages. Other towns are Tatuan with a population of 5,572, including some villages; Mercedes with a population of 3,839; Bolong with 1,144; and Iyala with 1,655.

In this district there are 19,903 Christians, 8,000 Mohammedans, and in the unexplored region of Sibuguey there is a population of 90,000 pagan Subanos. In the Misamis district the number of inhabitants is 169,256. The principal city is Cagayan de Misamis, with a population of 11,029. Its public buildings, and some of its private buildings, are well constructed. The district has many towns with populations varying from 8,498 to 4,145. The district of Surigao has a population of 113,105. The capital town is Surigao with a population of 9,254, and there are several other important towns, some of which are larger than it is. The other districts are all thinly populated. The towns are small, but forts, churches, orphan asylums are found all over the island. Under Spanish rule the island was thoroughly garrisoned, and the public buildings, the quays, drydocks, etc., were of excellent quality. Mindanao is a fine island, and is well worth fighting for.

The problem is what effect hostilities will have on the Moros of Sulu. The Archipelago of Sulu is situated to the Southwest of Mindanao. The largest island is called Sulu, or Jolo, and in the group there are many small islands for whose names a map must be consulted. The islands are small, but they are not surpassed in the whole world for fertility. They are also free from volcanic eruptions, typhoons and earthquakes. Foreman says of their inhabitants that "they were a valiant, warlike, piratical people, who admired bravery in others, had a deep-rooted contempt for poltroons, and lavished no mercy on the weak." The origin of these people is ascribed to the period of the conquest of the Philippines-the year 1570. At about that time two Borneo chiefs quarreled, and one had to flee. He and his partisans emigrated to the island of Basilan, which is situated to the South of Zamboanga, near the island of Mindanao. The Moros are therefore descended from the Musulman Dyaks of Borneo. The name of this chief was Paginan Tindig. He soon left Basilan, and went to live on the island of Jolo. From that period until the power

of the Moros was broken sixty-two years ago by Admiral Keppel and Sir James Brooks, assisted by the Spaniards, their piratical expeditions carried death, slavery and destruction on all sides. Their depredations extended to Singapore and Siam. They spread over the Philippine Archipelago. For more than two centuries Musulman junks ravaged all the coasts of the colony. No populated island was spared. Thousands of people were murdered, and other thousands were carried off into slavery. Villages were sacked, churches destroyed, local trade broken up. Incessant war was carried on by the Spaniards against the pirates. Even in the last century the Muselmen appeared in the bay of Manila, and persons still living have been their prisoners. In 1860 this protracted struggle came to an end. Zamboanga was fortified, and Spain held Mindanao until she transferred it to In 1877 Spain established the walled town of Jolo, where a strong garrison has ever since been kept. The island of Sulu is thirty-four miles long from East to West, and twelve miles in the broadest part from North to South. There are about 140 other islands, of which 80 or 90 are uninhabited. The population is about 110,000. In addition to his territory in North Borneo and Sulu, the Sultan received tribute from the small island of Cagayan, and from the Southern portion of Palawan, where he was represented by a Sulu Dato of high degree.

us.

Spain exercised rather a protectorate than sovereignty over Sulu, and, except as modified by the Bates treaty, our position is the same. We have imitated Spain in according to the Sultan an annual allowance. In this procedure we are simply carrying out our practice with the American Indian, who has long been a pensioner on our bounty. The question now is whether this subsidy will hold the Sultan to his allegiance, or whether he will join the Moros of Mindanao in their war upon us. The Moros are robust, brave and fanatica!. Their belief is that when they kill a Christian they will go to Heaven on a white horse. country is convulsed to-day over the mode of warfare which is carried on in the Philippines by the Christian Filipino against our troops, but a Moro war will add another page of atrocities to those which both sides have perpetrated in Luzon. Fanaticism will for the first time enter into the contest.

CHARLES DENBY,

The

Ex-United States Minister to China.

O

N April 4th the will of Mr. Cecil John Rhodes, published in London, surprised the world with another princely gift in promotion of its further peace and progress, as explained on pp. 1279-80 of this work. The handsome sum of $1,500 per annum for a term of three years will be assigned to two students from each state and territory within the United States, for use in pursuing at Oxford University the regular course of that number of years. Mr. John Corbin has urged that American students spend this three-year period preferably in post-graduate work, and claims that Mr. Rhodes' stipulation "shall commence residence as under-graduates" will admit of this. But the mention of "head-masters of schools," in the selection given below, shows that Mr. Rhodes contemplated not college-graduates but school-graduates as candidates for his scholarships. Moreover, since class-spirit is very strong in Oxford, and is indeed one of the essentials to gaining its culture, and since the great majority of English and Colonial matriculates will be not over eighteen years of age, the American who stays at home until after college-graduation will find himself both in training and age out of closest touch with his associates, and will thus miss the very end sought by the largevisioned donor. Mr. Rhodes' choice of Oxford was due to his devotion to his old alma mater, and he further distinguished his own college, Oriel, by a gift of $500,000 to it. No student can be qualified or disqualified for election to a scholarship on grounds of race or religious belief. Successful scholars are requested to distribute themselves among the various colleges, 21 in all, of the university. The trustees are given authority to suspend or remove any unsatisfactory scholar. Not one whit less admirable than this whole-souled and lavish gift is the set

It is

of conditions upon which it is available by any student. It is safe to say that such a homily upon the preeminent value of an allaround personal culture, both mental and physical, and not exclusively either intellectual or moral, was never before delivered and confirmed with such a sanction. more likely to appeal to the imagination and meet approval from the conscience of American youth than anything that has before risen upon his mental horizon. only the hundred American students that will meet these conditions, but the thousands that will aspire and attempt to do so, will receive a mighty impulse to live a life akin. to that of Brutus, whose

"Life was gentle, and the elements

Not

So mixed in him that Nature might stand up And say to all the world, 'This was a man.'"

This admirable set of conditions runs as follows:

"In the election of a student to a scholarship regard should be had to: "1. His literary and scholastic attain

ments.

"2. His fondness for or success in manly outdoor sports, such as cricket, football and the like:

"3. His qualities of manhood, such as truth, courage, devotion to duty, sympathy for and protection of the weak, kindliness, unselfishness and fellowship.

"4. His exhibition during school days of moral force of character, and instincts to lead and take interest in his schoolmates, for these latter attributes will likely in after life guide him to esteem the performance of public duties as his highest aim.

"Marks for these four qualifications should be awarded somewhat in the following proportions: Four-tenths for the first, one-tenth for the second, three-tenths for the third and two-tenths for the fourth.

"Marks for the several qualifications

as

should be awarded independently follows: That is to say, marks for the first qualification by examination, for the second and third qualifications respectively by the ballot of fellow students of the candidates, and for the fourth qualification by the head masters of the schools, and the result of the awards-that is to say, the marks obtained by each candidate for each qualificationshould be added together and the successful student be the one who received the greatest number of marks, giving him the highest all around qualification."

The Oxford University at which these scholarships will be realized shares with that of Cambridge the prestige of antiquity, having been granted its first charter by King John, and comprised as early as 1201 some 3,000 students. The reign of Henry III. saw the foundation of three colleges, University College in 1249, Balio in 1263, and Merton in 1270. Since that time 18 others have been added, among which Oriel College, the one recently dowered by Mr. Rhodes, dates from 1326. These colleges are corporations which own and operate buildings for the lodging and boarding of students, and also are endowed for the support of certain tutors and lecturers who provide nearly all the instruction of the university, for the lectures of the university professors are mostly ornamental. The college corporation consists of a head or master, fellows and scholars. Distinguished graduates may be elected fellows, and then receive from $250 to $1,250 a year besides free lodging in the college. A term of ten years, or promotion before then, limit this fellowship, unless tenable for life upon condition of celibacy. Scholarships, worth four or five hundred dollars a year, and tenable for five years, are also awarded to undergraduates after competition. It is this class that will be so vastly increased by the munificence of Mr. Rhodes.

Students may seek instruction in other colleges than their own, but must in every case take final examination from the university, and not from any college. These finals can be taken only after a continuous residence of 12 terms, which occupies a period of three years. Oxford has, besides the colleges, five halls which differ from the colleges mainly in not being corporate bodies, but have property held in trust for them by the university.

The highest officer of the university is a chancellor, elected by the members for life,

usually some distinguished nobleman who has also graduated at the university. The present incumbent is the Marquis of Salisbury. But the chancellor's work is done mostly by his deputy the vice-chancellor, the high steward and the deputy steward. The house of congregation grants degrees and confirms nominations, the house of convocation dispatches all other business. Current affairs are managed by the hebdomadal council, composed of the heads of colleges and others, and meeting every week. Two proctors and four pro-proctors, all of whom must be university graduates, preserve the discipline of the institution. Such is in bare outline the university destined to exercise so profound an influence upon a large number of selected American youth. Let us now look closer at the flesh and blood which this skeleton supports.

The expenses necessary for tuition, board, lodging and laundry at Oxford during the twelve terms required for a degree may be brought down to $1,500; but clothing, recreation and club life should be allowed about half as much more, if the student would share in the social life around him. These amounts, though still higher than at other British universities, have been somewhat reduced during recent decades, for the authorities make every effort to promote simplicity of living, and the colleges are to a far less extent than before the homes of the wealthier classes. Insinuating tradesmen, however, still beset the young hopeful with that credit which has long been the bane of Oxford undergraduates, and this may involve him in embarassment at the close of

are

his college course. The average bill for clothing is estimated at $100 a year, books at $75, wine at $50, tobacco at $25, and finally "indefinite and unaccountable expenses" conceded by our brother Britisher to be a large item. Certainly we of America may thank him for teaching us that phrase, for it meets our case very well too. A student may live out of college, if he so desire. but though he increase his freedom will hardly reduce his expenses thereby. In short, $000 a year will support a student quietly as a gentleman, but no more. If he be fond of dress, books, horses, or entertains much, he will need at least half as much more.

Oxford University aims at producing noble tendencies rather than commercial results, at humanizing the man rather than turning out a professional expert. And this purpose becomes more rather than

less