6. The national Constitution should be so amended as to allow the national revenues to be + raised by equitable adjustment of taxation on the properties and incomes of the people, and import duties should be levied as a means of securing+ equitable commercial relations with other nations.

7. The contract convict-labor system, through which speculators are enriched at the expense of the State, should be abolished.

8. All citizens should be protected by law in their right to one day of rest in seven, without oppressing any who conscientiously observe any. other than the first day of the week.

9. The American public schools, taught in the English language, should be maintained, and no public funds should be appropriated for sectarian institutions.

10. The president, vice-president and United States senators should be elected by direct vote of the people.

11. Ex-soldiers and sailors of the United States army and navy, their widows and minor children, should receive liberal pensions, graded on disability and term of service, not merely as a debt of gratitude, but for service rendered in the preservation of the Union.

+

12. Our immigration laws should be so revised) + (as to exclude paupers and criminals. None but citizens of the United States should be allowed to

vote in any State, and naturalized citizens should not vote until one year after naturalization papers have been issued.

13. The initiative and referendum, and proportional representation should be adopted.

14. Having herein presented our principles and purposes, we invite the co-operation and support of all citizens who are with us substantially agreed.

POLITICAL PARTIES.

Abolitionists.

During the Revolution, and when the Constitution was made, various societies were formed for the abolition of slavery, the first originating in Philadelphia, April 14, 1775, with Benjamin Franklin as president. A second society with the same purpose in view, formed in New York, January 25, 1785, with John Jay as president (later succeeded by Alexander Hamilton). These were the beginnings of many throughout the States, their meetings, publications and petitions being treated respectfully until the development of cotton planting in the early part of the nineteenth century raised the price of slaves, when the struggle between the anti-slavery and pro-slavery interests began. The contest out of which the term Abolition grew dates with William Lloyd Garrison's arraignment of slave-holders as criminals in 1829, he two years later publishing "The Liberator." This was afterward followed by the formation in Boston of the New England Anti-Slavery Society, for the purpose of promoting the cause of emanci