August 19, 1886; their platform notes that the soil of every country is the social and common inheritance of the people; that labor produces all wealth, which includes the instruments through which alone the forces of nature become accessible, therefore all should have free access to land, and to the instruments of production without tribute to landlords and monopolists. That to the immediate relief of the working-class: eight hours a day's work, no child labor, no female labor in occupations detrimental to health or morality, an extension of the common-school system, equal pay to both sexes, payment of wages weekly, first lien for workmen's wages, enactment of juster laws for liability of employer to employé, abolish contract system in prisons and on public works, and tenement-house manufacturing. Have thorough sanitary inspection to secure health of laborers, a nonimportation of labor, to force existing beneficial labor laws, equal sex-citizenship and suffrage, repeal blue laws interfering with interests of labor, and all conspiracy tramp laws, class legislation and privileges; not allow Pinkertons; to have a public ownership in industries involving public franchises or performance of public functions; a direct issue of money, not through the banks; a special tax on unimproved land sufficiently high to compel its surrender to the community; tax incomes over $2,000 per annum graduated to be most heavy on

monopolists; demand home rule, and many other "progressive" planks of interest to the labor class.

Prohibition.

(See National Prohibition.)

Republicans.

From the French républicain, from the Latin, respublica, res, "an affair," publicus, publica, "of or pertaining to the people, common to all."

The outcome of the Anti-Federalists, 1796. When the Bill of Rights to recognize the equality of all men, and their rights "to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness," has been incorporated in and attached to the Constitution as Amendments, the Anti-Federalists amalgamated with a section of the Federalists, and at the suggestion of the party leader, Jefferson, it became known as the Republican Party, Jefferson promulgating this name, as he thought the name Anti-Federalist was inappropriate, the original cause of the name having become lost, as the party principles were more directly the opposers of Federal party measures.

The name Republican suggested to Jefferson through his being an ardent, enthusiastic friend of the French Revolution and its Republican principles, and maintained until 1826, when as representing the name of a political party disappeared into Democrat.

As a party name Republican re-appeared in 1855,

they interpreting its application as meaning "nationality." The Republicans have twice been a strong party politic; the original looked upon the Union as a democracy, persons, not States; the modern Republicans contemplated the Union as a Republic of itself, believing in its existence as a nation-republic.

In 1859, the modern adaptation was called into existence solely to resist the encroachments of slavery upon the free territory of the Union and the free States, that there should be an entire prohibition of the "twin relics of barbarism, polygamy and slavery," that white slavery must remain and be protected where it was. In the Republican platform the attempt of John Brown was denounced as "lawless and unjustifiable," denying the authority of Congress, of a Territorial legislature or of any individuals to " give legal existence to slavery in any territory of the United States," affirming the principles of the Constitution of the United States as essential to the preservation of Republican institutions, and that the rights of the States should be held inviolate, and especially that "the right of each State to order and control its own domestic institutions according to its own. judgment exclusively, is essential to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance of our political fabric depends."

In 1876, it demanded a vigorous Southern policy

and arraigned their opponents (Democrats) as seeking to perpetuate sectional strife. In connection with the name Republican as a great party name, there occurs a coincidence worthy of note, the "Republican Supremacy" of each party extended over the space of twenty-four years-1801 to 1825, and 1861 to 1885.

Tammany.

A society, Tammany Society, otherwise called the Columbian Order from 1789, composed of New York Democrats; the order originally formed by William Mooney of New York, an upholsterer, during the administration of Washington, in 1789, with the probable purpose of antagonism to the Cincinnati Society, which had an aristocratical tendency. Tammany originally having in view the preservation of democratic institutions, from contamination by the adoption of any aristocratic principles.

The name Tammany or St. Tammany adapted from the name of an Indian chief, Tammenund, tradition alleging "his attachment to liberty was greater than his love of life." The belief is, that the name was one of fancy in its selection, having no significant meaning.

THE TWO TARIFF BILLS:

Known as the McKinley and the Wilson Bills.

THE

HE following table shows the rates fixed by the old and new tariffs, respectively, on the most important articles affected by each. (No notice is taken in this table of those articles on which the duties are the same in both tariffs.) It will be seen that the reductions on manufactured woolens, china and glassware are important. The duty on tin plates is reduced from 2 1-5 to 1 1-5 cents a pound; that on linseed oil from 32 to 20 cents a gallon, and on castor oil from 80 to 35 cents. These are instances of large reductions; but the duties on most of the miscellaneous articles have been considerably cut down.

Estimating the average ad valorem rate on these articles under the McKinley act at 50 per cent., it would probably be fair to state that the Senate bill reduces that average to 37 per cent. It should be remembered, however, in attempting any comparison of the two tariffs, that estimates of ad valorem, based on specific rates, are subject to error because of fluctuations in prices.

Among the important additions to the free list, besides wool and lumber, are binding twine, paintings statuary, fresh fish, jute bagging and burlaps.