old and young, prince and peasant; and the women violated in Mt. Zion itself. On the 7th day of the following month Nebuzaradan arrived, collected the captives and booty, and on the tenth the temple, the royal palace, and all the more important buildings of the city were set on fire, and the walls thrown down and left as heaps of rubbish. This destruction of the city and deportation left the land nearly deserted.

The subsequent history of Jerusalem may be epitomized as follows:-About 332 B.C. it was taken by Alexander of Macedon. Shortly after his death Ptolemy Lagus, of Egypt, took it by assault on the Sabbath, when it is said the Jews scrupled to fight. 199 B. C., Scopus, an Egyptian general, recovered Judea to the King of Egypt. 170 B. C., it was taken by Antiochus Epiphanes, who razed its walls, set up an image of Jupiter in the Temple, and used every means to force the people into idolatry. Under the Maccabees the Jews again recovered their independence 165 B. C. About 100 years later it was conquered by the Romans, and Herod the Great expended vast sums in its embellishment.

A. D. 63, the Jews renounced their allegiance to Vespasian, upon which hostilities at once began. The insurgents held the Temple and lower city. In the Castle of Antonia was a small Roman garrison. Fierce contests lasted for several days, each side endeavoring to gain possession of the part held by the other. At last the insurgents became masters of the city and Temple. Cestius Gallus, then encamped on Scopas, advanced on the city and for six days as saulted the walls, but without success. He then drew

off to his camp. Thither the insurgents followed him, and in three days gave him one of the most complete defeats ever undergone by a Roman army.

The Jews then repaired the walls of the city and made great preparations for its defense against another expected attempt by the Romans-which was soon made by Titus, who arrived and encamped on Scopas and Mount Olivet, and commenced the siege. April the 15th the first breach was made in the walls. June the 11th the Tower of Antonia was taken. July the 15th a soldier wantonly and without orders set fire to the Temple, which was destroyed except the edifice of the Sanctuary. September the 11th the city was taken, and its destruction completed, except the three great towers-Hippicus, Phasaelus, and Mariamne, which were left standing as memorials of the massive nature of the fortifications.

A.D. 135, Adrian banished the Jews and planted a Roman colony there. He also consecrated the city to heathen deities, so as to defile it as much as possible, and did what he could to obliterate all traces both of Judaism and Christianity.

About A.D. 326, Helena, the mother of Constantine, built two churches in Bethlehem and on Mount Olivet. Julian endeavored to rebuild the Temple, A. D. 363, but his design was frustrated, as contempo raneous writers relate, by an earthquake and by balls of fire bursting among the workmen.

A.D. 613 Jerusalem was taken by Chosroes, king of Persia, who slew 90,000 men, and demolished the buildings and objects venerated by the Christians. In 627 Heraclius defeated Chosroes, and Jerusalem was

recovered by the Greeks.

637 it was taken by Omar, the second of the Kalifs, and thus passed under Mohammedan rule. The Mosque of Omar on the Temple site was built by this Mohammedan Kalif. From this time Jerusalem continued under the Kalifs of Bagdad, till 868, when it was taken by Ahmed, a Turkish sovereign of Egypt. From this till 1099 it was ruled alternately by Turk and Saracen. At this latter period it was taken by the crusaders under Godfrey Bouillon, who was elected king. He was succeeded by his brother Baldwin, who died in 1118. In 1187 Saladin, Sultan of the East, took the city. In 1242 it was restored to the Latin princes by Saleh Ismail, Emir of Damascus. In 1291 it was taken by the Sultans of Egypt, who held it until 1382. Selim, Sultan of Turkey, made conquest of Egypt, Syria and Jerusalem in 1517, and his son Solyman reconstructed the walls of the city, as now seen, in 1534. Since this time, with the exception of the 2 years it was held by Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt, and two years by the Fellahin, it has remained subject to Turkey. It is now included in the pashalic of Damascus, but with a resident Turkish governor.

Altogether, Jerusalem presents a history unexampled in the number of its sieges and other tragical events. It has greatly declined from its former size and splendor, and has now a population of only 20,000.

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