parentage, and largely unacquainted with our literature, traditions, and political principles, it would seem as if the prime duty of patriots today was to enlighten these newcomers and lend a helping hand, with care not to patronise those who are counted as genuinely citizens as ourselves. Some organisations of patriotic women in Connecticut, by publishing common-sense advice to immigrants in their own language, have suggested a line of work which more might follow. What does the average Slav or Greek in Lowell mills or the Italian or Russian Jew in Chicago slums most need to make him an American patriot? Is it stereopticon lectures on the battles of the Brandywine or Bennington, sometimes provided from "the chapter's" funds? Is it not, first of all, that personal friendliness which can alone bridge the chasm which yawns between culture, and ignorance, between privilege and privation? Is it not that spirit of democracy which goes an arrow's flight above noblesse oblige and welcomes as potential bringers of gifts these toilers from the lands of Socrates, Dante, and Tolstoi?

Just as the Church has awakened to perceive that it must have a forward movement and present a new and larger conception of Christianity, if it is still to nourish the great mass of common folk, so those of English blood who cherish the principles of the founders of the republic must awake to see that, unless a red-blooded, twentieth-century patriotism which demands present courage and

sacrifice be better understood by all our "patriots," these principles may be unconsciously and ignorantly repudiated by the next generation of a population which marks our country as the melting-pot of nations.

CHAPTER XIII

THE PROGRESS OF ARBITRATION

INCE John Jay was burned in effigy in Boston

for putting an arbitration clause into our treaty with England in 1794 there have been about 350 international disputes settled by arbitration or by special commissions. It is a fact of extraordinary historic interest that in no instance has a nation that pledged itself to arbitrate ever broken its pledge and gone to war. In one instance there was a compromise, and in another mediation prevented war. From 1814 to 1840 there were only 24 such settlements; but the rate of increase was so rapid that in 1901, 1902, and 1903 there were 63. Since then there have been about 130 general treaties of arbitration signed, and France and England, unfriendly for centuries, have quietly settled by diplomacy a half dozen difficulties any one of which in former days might have led to The mere fact of a world court being ready to hear disputes will cause many cases to be settled out of court.

war.

All cases except those recently sent to the Permanent Tribunal of Arbitration at The Hague

were settled by the various nations through special courts arranged for the occasion. Hereafter, the Permanent Tribunal will settle the most of such cases until the Court of Arbitral Justice, agreed on at the Second Hague Conference, has its judges appointed and is formally established. Nations then will have their choice between the two and may arbitrate or submit their cases to a permanent court of law.

America had the honour of opening the Hague Court. The first case sent to it was the "Pious Fund" case between the United States and Mexico. The second was the Venezuela case, to which eleven nations were parties; the third case, concerning the House tax, was between Japan and England, France and Germany; the fourth, the Muscat case, was between England and France; the fifth, between Germany and France, over the Casa Blanca case; the sixth, between Norway and Sweden, over their maritime frontier; the seventh, between Great Britain and the United States, over the Atlantic fisheries; the eighth, between the United States and Venezuela, over the question of the Orinoco Steam Navigation Company; the ninth, between Great Britain and France, over the case of Savarkar. The last three cases have involved respectively, Russia and Turkey, Italy and Peru, France and Italy. Other questions are on the docket of the Hague Tribunal to be tried; and many more have been or are to be tried by special tribunals.