there was no route possible except to the North, and no friendly night to cover, for day had just dawned: the fugitive host was caught in a basin, with no escape from the grasp of its pursuers unless the surrounding hills had fallen upon them. Longstreet and Mahone nevertheless declared that the army deserved and would accept honorable terms alone. General Lee answered that the proposals of General Grant had been very generous, and showed that the latter officer had been prepared to give such terms as the Army of the Potomac could afford to offer, and the Army of Northern Virginia could afford to accept. But it was no longer certain that after two days' rejection those terms could be procured. There was no doubt, however, of the duty to make the effort, and General Lee, rising, and mounting his horse, turned to say, "General Longstreet, I leave you in charge here; I am going to hold a conference with General Grant." Hardly had General Lee gone to the rear, when General Custer dashed at full speed down the road from the opposite quarter, bearing a white flag. He flung himself from his horse, and, saluting General Longstreet, asked if he were in command. General Longstreet replying in the affirmative, General Custer responded, "I demand the surrender of this army to General Sheridan's cavalry." The other rejoined, "I do not command the army for that purpose: General Lee is now at the rear under a flag of truce, communicating with General Grant for the purpose of surrender." General Custer retired, and, at the instance of the Confederates, the attack threatened in front was stopped.
Sɔ, on the 9th of April, the work begun at Five Forks was finished in triumph at Appomattox Courthouse. The long toil was over; and an emotion commingled of relief from arduous labor and of exultation at the crowning victory, tempered by a soldier's respect for the bravery of the vanquished, overflowed the hearts of the conquerors on that mem
orable day. But those who stood bodily there were not all the conquerors. Ten thousand gallant hearts lay cold in soldiers' graves, since a twelvemonth gone the army crossed the Rapidan; ten thousand heroes, scarred and maimed, were far away in the cities and villages of the north; and tens and tens of thousands more, poisoned by the deadly swamp-breath or worn down by the toils of campaign, had dropped by the wayside, languished long on hospital pallets, or descrving quick death in victory had yielded to the torture of disease. Nor only those who fell in the Wilderness, at Spottsylvania, along the North Anna, at Cold Harbor, in the trenches or the environs of Petersburg, but the heroic dead who slept on the ridges of Fredericksburg and Gettysburg, whose rude beds lay hid in the gloom of the woods of Chancellorsville, or adown the Shenandoah Valley, or along the banks of the Chickahominy, or dotting the plains of Manassas, or whose baptismal blood rained on the pavement of Baltimore - these all were conquerors on the 9th of April; and a vast host, silent, invisible, tasted the triumph of that day.
When Lee had surrendered, in natural consequence and without a blow ensued the capitulations of Johnston, Taylor, Thompson, Kirby Smith. Thenceforth, not so much as a lawless guerilla-shot vexed the air. Crag, fen, and everglade, bayou of Arkansas and Texan pampas, whatever wild spot might have become for desperate men an outlaw haunt through centuries, was given up, for so great was the influence of the example in Virginia. Before May had passed, nature had covered with kindly mantle the telltale vestiges of War's grim track. Over the continental wrestling-floor where giants strove, there was peace.
With the same magic swiftness in which the armies gathered, they dispersed. A million and a half of soldiers, when peace came, melted as silently back into the general nation as the snows of New England glide away under the vernal sun, and naught but a worn garment of blue or gray, here and
there, or a marked soldierly port, betrayed the heroes of hardfought fields. There was, indeed, no longer need of citizen soldiery; for, when the storm had passed over the Union, though some of its limbs were reft of their glory, yet the roots were fixed.
One who now revisits the fields whereon he saw great armies contending, or haply was himself in the van, marvels at the changed scene. The dread battle-sounds have died away; the black-mouthed cannon are dumb; in the furrows once ploughed by caisson-wheels, the daisy or tender violet springs; no longer the hills echo the roar of artillery, and the plains resound with the clatter of hoof-beats and the clink of sabres: a four-years' story seems like a fearful dream that is gone. But as the fancy kindles, lo, the ghastly scars of the earth reopen, and again the field is peopled with embattled armies, the dun pall draws back over the landscape, and out of its depths rise the cheer of the victors and the cries of the wounded—the tattered ensigns, blazoned with glorious legends, epitomes of history, toss once more in the battlesmoke, the clangor of arms goes up. So in story and imagination, the heroes contend again; as wayfarers at night, through many centuries, heard the neighing of the Persian war-horses and the shouts and blows of the warriors, on the plain of Marathon.
BULL RUN, 13; the prelude, 13; confer-
ence between Beauregard and John-
ston, 13; meeting of the armies, 14;
motives of the combatants, 14; con-
trast with European wars, 16; the
national uprising, 17; character of
the war, 18; military condition of
the country, 18; over-confidence on
both sides, 18; the danger to the
capital, 21; the influence of the
Potomac on shaping the war, 21;
ordinance of secession passed by
Virginia, 21; the first passage
of troops through Baltimore, 21;
the danger to Washington at the
beginning of the war, 21; the flag
of Sumter hauled down, 21; the
President's call for military, 21;
Virginia the selected battle-ground
of the South, 22; the Confederate
Government removed to Richmond,
23; the cry of "Onward to Rich-
mond," 24; popular clamor for a
battle, 24; positions of the two
main armies and their co-opera-
ting forces, 25; Patterson's posi-
tion at Harper's Ferry, 15; Butler's
position at Fort Monroe, 25; com-
position of McDowell's army, 26;
he moves into Virginia, 26; Ty-
ler's repulse at Blackburn's Ford,
27; Johnston's movement to join
Beauregard, 28; McDowell's plan
of battle, 30; Confederates' intend-
ed attack prevented by McDowell's
turning their left flank, 30; Tyler's
attack at Stone Bridge, 31; Con-
federate left flank to be turned at
Sudley's Ford, 31; Hunter's move
in reverse of Sudley's Ford, 32;
Hunter attacked by Evans, 33;
Hunter and Keyes cross Stone
Bridge, 35; Hunter's success-
critical condition of the Confeder-
ates, 35; arrival of Johnston and
Beauregard with re-enforcements,
35; position of the armies after
Hunter's success, 36; the fight for
the plateau, 37; arrival of Confed-
erate re-enforcements from the
Shenandoah Valley, 39; the Union
flank and rear struck by Smith's
brigades, 40; the panic and the
retreat, 40; results of the battle,
42; official intentional misstate-
ments, and absurd lay criticisms,
excellence of the Union plan
of campaign, 44; McDowell not to
blame, 44; Johnston's praiseworthy
junction with Beauregard, 44; in-
experience of both armies, 45;
disorganization of both armies, 46;
Confederates justified in not pursu-
ing, 47; Johnston, J. E., on im-
possibility of pursuit at Bull Run,
47; the victory was the winning of
a campaign, 48; the losses and
spoils at Bull Run, 48; the North
learned what was before it, 49;
Confederate force at the spring of
1862, 55; moral influences of the
battle, 49; the people prepare for
war in earnest, 50; both North and
South organize during the winter,
51; Dr. Arnold on the Lessons of
Military History, 51; the formation
of the Potomac Army, 51; influ-
ence of Bull Run upon the South,
52; the new Union army-its
strength, 52; insignificant origin
of the cavalry, 52; the battle uni-
fied the South, 53; the tendency
of foreigners toward recognition
and aid, 54; Southern pride, infla-
ted by Bull Run, prepared the way
for Southern defeat. 54.
DONELSON-the prelude, 56; the physical
geography of the West, 56; the
secession of the States of the
lower central zone, 56; Kentucky
became loyal, and was invested by
the Confederates, 57; who seize
and fortify Columbus and Bowling
Green, 57; the Confederate defen-
sive line from the Mississippi to
the Cumberland Mountains, 57;
Albert S. Johnston in command,
57; Johnston's line extended from
Columbus, his left through Forts
Henry and Donelson, to Bowling
Green and Cumberland Gap, his
right, 58; the Union rendezvous
at Cairo, 58; the naval force of
A. H. Foote, 58; the land force
under U. S. Grant, 58; the Army
of the Ohio, first under Ander-
son, then Sherman, now Buell, 59;
Buell prepares for an advance upon
Nashville and East Tennessee, 59;
the relative situation of the oppos
ing forces, 59; Grant threatening
Columbus, and Buell Bowling Green
and East Tennessee, 59; Johnston,
by his railway between the two
points, could concentrate at either,
60; the Cairo position and its diffi-
culties, 60; the credit of the initia-
tive plan in the West due both to
Buell and Grant, 61; the Cumber-
land and Tennessee Rivers-neces-
sity for removing obstructions in
them. 61; Forts Henry and Donel-
son held the gateways of these
water lines, 61; they must be
taken, 62; Fort Henry the first
point of attack-its location, 62;
the attack by the fleet, 63; and
surrender by Tilghman, 64; the
Confederate resources at this time
in the West, 64; Johnston's
strength and dispositions,
Beauregard placed in charge of the
Mississippi Valley under Johnston,
65; proposal to concentrate Con-
federate strength at Bowling Green,
66; the fall of Fort Henry prevents
this plan, 66; Johnston resolves to
defend Nashville at Donelson, 66;
Donelson was the key to the Cum-
berland, 66; Johnston sends Buck-
ner, Pillow, and Floyd there; the
force now 16,000 men, 66; retains
14,000 to oppose Buell and cover
Nashville, 66; the topography and
fortifications of Donelson, 67; its
pregnability at the rear, from com-
manding hills, 68; Confederates
construct an infantry line of defense
thereon, 68; Grant approaches--his
force, 68; he invests the defenses,
and makes an assault, 69; arrival
of Admiral Foote's fleet, with 10,000
re-enforcements, 69; a combined
land and water attack made, 70;
the iron-clads forced to retire, 71;
Grant resolves to perfect the in-
vestment, and wait for increased
naval force, 71; Floyd's council of
officers at night, 71; they resolve
to force their way out toward Nash-
ville, 72; Wynn's Ferry road the
only practicable route, 72; the plan
of Confederate attack, 72; Pillow's
attack, 73; the Union extreme
right taken in reverse, and forced
back, 73; the Wynn's Ferry road
now open, 74; critical position of
the whole Union army, 74; Grant
absent at consultation with Foote,
74; Floyd and Pillow, not satisfied,
attempt more and fail, 76; the
army rallies, and repulses Confede-
rate renewed attack, 76; Grant's
arrival, 76, he orders a general
advance, 77; the Confederate's right,
driven from the commanding hills,
retires into the works, and Pillow
also driven in, 78; the investment
thus restored, 78; losses of the
day, 78; Grant prepares for a gen-
eral assault next day, 79; the con-
ference of Floyd, Pillow and Buck-
ner on a surrender, 79; the two
first surrender their commands to
Buckner, 79; Floyd escapes with
1,500 men, 80; Pillow and his staff
escape across the river, 80; Buck-
ner inquires terms of surrender:
Grant proposes to move imme-
diately on his works, 80; results of
Donelson, 80; Johnston evacuates
Bowling Green and moves to
Nashville, 81; then abandons Nash-
ville and retires to Murfreesboro', 81;
Buell pushed to Bowling Green
and Nashville, 81; Columbus now
untenable by Polk, 81; who moves
to Island No. 10, 81; the effect of
these events upon the South, 83;
Johnston's strategic errors in this
campaign, 84; he now resolves on
concentration, 85.
SHILOH-the prelude, 86; Pittsburg
Landing described, 86; the Army
of West Tennessee, 87; it was
unsuspecting danger, 87; Confed-
erate army perdu in Shiloh Woods,
88; the Confederate council of
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