"slacked off" again at the approach of the next swell. Just so, the class at whose door lies the grievances of which the "Farmers' Movement" is the natural consequence, if they be wise, will yield with what grace they may to the pressure of public opinion. Persistence in a line of conduct constantly growing more and more intolerable will assuredly overwhelm them with disaster, if prolonged. Give way they must; and the people must see to it that whatsoever of wantonly usurped rights are now remanded to themselves, be maintained inviolate in the future.

"Watch 'em!"

TYPES AND ANTITYPES.

Our metaphor need not be enlarged upon. The people find a fitting type in the vast, majestic ocean; popular opinion in its waves, moving gently and quietly, when the elements around are at peace, but sweeping all before them, when lashed by the fury of a tornado.

There is another groundswell, not born of the winds, but of deep-hidden, volcanic fires. An earthquake occurs, and an island or a continent is upheaved. The on-moving waves thus resulting surge against the shores of an empire, engulfing not only the fishermen's craft, but the stately merchant-vessel and the man-of war; even the villages and cities that lie exposed are submerged. Here the antitype is the fire that lives deep in the heart, where lie the springs. of human action.

What a mere tidal wave, as to force, is to the storm-begotten groundswell, this mighty rush of waters, originating in

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the throes of a submerged volcano, is to the angry passions. of man as they burst forth after long repression. The tidal wave is easily avoided; the groundswell may be guarded against; but the moral groundswell generated of human passion, aggravated by long continued wrongs, may culminate in a wave so overwhelming as to carry a nation to its utter ruin.

CHAPTER II.

AGRICULTURE AND ITS SUBDIVISIONS.

WHAT AGRICULTURE EMBRACES.

Agriculture, in its broad sense, embraces husbandry, or the art of cultivating the soil and obtaining therefrom its increase in the shape of cereals and grasses; stock-breeding, and the feeding and fattening of the domestic animals; and all that pertains to the making and applying of manures, to draining, and, in general, to all other processes which go to increase the productive capacity of the soil.

Agriculture also includes the sub-industry of horticulture, which again is subdivided into vegetable gardening, floriculture, pomology, or the cultivation of fruits; arboriculture, or the cultivation of timber; forestry, or the conservation and culture of forests; and landscape gardening, or the beautifying of natural, or creation of artificial, scen

EFFECT OF SCIENCE ON AGRICULTURE.

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ery. These, in turn, are often infinitely subdivided; and especially has this been the case within the last thirty years, or since the multiplication of Agricultural Societies.

The breeder is not necessarily the fattener of cattle for market. The grain-farmer may not be either a breeder or feeder, except to a very limited extent. He may confine himself exclusively to the raising of grass for pasturage or hay; or the products from which he derives his revenue may be exclusively grain. The breeder, on the other hand, must raise both hay and grain, in order to enable him to prosecute his business successfully.

The fruit-grower is seldom engaged in other branches of horticulture, and the florist more rarely still; the vegetable gardener is least frequently of all engaged in other horticultural pursuits. The landscape gardener alone has to deal with all the branches of the noble profession of horticulture, which has been called "the Religion of Agriculture." If this metaphor be accepted, floriculture must certainly be termed the poetry of horticulture.

EFFECT OF SCIENCE ON AGRICULTURE.

Since the establishment of agricultural schools in Europe and the United States, the division of agriculture into its multiform sub-industries has been found exceedingly profit able. It is not too much to expect that, as science progresses in this direction, its subdivision will become more and more extensive. The day is certainly not far distant when pomology, forestry, floriculture, and many other branches of agriculture, will be more and more distinctively followed; just as threshing and draining are even now followed as distinct professions. The future is not remote in which steam-plowing, and hauling to the local market by steam, will be accomplished in connection with threshing

and ditching, by persons who will make these their exclusive occupations.

From the Dark Ages until within the last fifty years there was no great and general advance of agriculture. There were improvements in various localities, it is true, but, at the close of the seventeenth century, England, then beginning to secure the mastery of the seas, had but one-half the area of the kingdom in arable and pasture land, the

English Farm Scene.-Shepherd and Flock.

remainder consisting of moor, forest, and fen. As late as the beginning of the nineteenth century much of the land in England either remained in forest or else was exhausted. of its fertility. But all this is changed, and now, as Macaulay remarks, a hundred acres, which, under the old system, produced annually, as food for cattle and manures, not more than forty tons, under improved culture yields the vast increase of 577 tons.