between Cross and Crescent, Christian and Mohammedan, have written in letters of blood upon every page of history the fundamental truth that between civilization and barbarism there can be no peace. Either Asia must conquer and exterminate Europe, or Europe must conquer and civilize Asia, or the future must be filled, as the past has been, with endless, aimless slaughter. The Cretans may be kept by the great powers in

this bondage to the Turk: but not with profit to the cause of peace. European diplomacy has always stood for the status quo; and the status quo has always been wrong. Like all historical questions, the Cretan question will never be settled until it is settled right. So long as the powers ignore this consideration, their much heralded efforts to conserve the peace of Europe can but sow dragon's teeth, the seed of future wars.

ITH the single exception of the North American Review, which had its birth very early in the last century, it is now nearly seventy years since the first really distinctive movement in magazine publication was projected in the United States. To be sure, there were one or more literary ventures of a similar character, somewhat antedating the period in question, such as the United States Literary Gazette, for which Longfellow and Emerson, as young writers, wrote; but this is all.

In 1833 the Knickerbocker Magazine began its existence under the management of the poet, Charles Fenno Hoffman. From the very outset the Knickerbocker proved a most able and brilliant periodical, and in subsequent years became the prototype for several other magazines whose careers, if not long, certainly were fraught with really splendid results. On account of failing health, Mr. Hoffman was obliged to relinquish the editorship of the Knickerbocker in less than a year, being succeeded in his position by Lewis Gaylord Clark, one of the most popular of our earlier writers. Under its new manage ment the magazine flourished to an extent undreamed of on the part of its friends. It cannot be said that in Hoffman's hands the Knickerbocker had found its most capable conductor; but with Mr. Clark at the helm, it soon became apparent that the one person of all others to direct its fortunes had been selected.

For a period of more than twenty years, Mr. Clark held the editorial pen, each month furnishing the ever-to-be-remembered " Editor's Table," as also the "Gossip" ménu with readers and correspondents, and passing with consummate judgment upon the various contributions which were to make up the

literary feast. The list of contributors to the Knickerbocker included the leading writers of the period, in America, with some who, today, are among the brightest stars in the literary firmament. In the pages of the Knickerbocker appeared Richard B. Kimball's unforgotten "St. Leger," a story so fresh in treatment, and so able and attractive in every way, that, soon after its original appearance, when published in volume form, in the space of a little more than three years it passed through eight American and two English editions.

To the Knickerbocker Magazine Willis Gaylord Clark, the twin brother of Lewis, contributed a series of light, graceful papers bearing the title of "Ollapodiana," which, at the time of their appearance, were particularly enjoyed by the public.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's "Skeleton in Armor" made its appearance in the Knickerbocker Magazine, as did others of the poet's earlier poems. Lowell wrote for it occasionally. Among its contributors were Frederick Cozzens, of the "Sparrowgrass Papers" fame, and Henry T. Tuckerman, the latter contributing to it certain of his best essays. During the last years of the magazine's existence Thomas Bailey Aldrich and William Dean Howells, young aspirants for literary honors, furnished its pages with some of their choice productions in both prose and verse.

Shortly after the Knickerbocker Magazine entered upon its career, the American Monthly Magazine began its existence, proving for a time a formidable rival of the former. The leading spirit of this periodical was one Henry William Herbert, otherwise known to literary fame as "Frank Forester." Herbert was a native of England, and belonged to a family of high standing

and reputation, his father being a clergyman, and the dean of Manchester. Herbert was educated at the University of Cambridge, receiving his degree at the early age of twenty. Four years later he came to the United States, first engaging as an instructor of the classics in a private school in New York City. He followed teaching, however, for only a brief period, his natural tastes being in the direction of authorship. He resigned his instructorship, and became a contributor to the papers of the metropolis. After a short time he turned his attention to the American Monthly Magazine, then entering upon its career. His special talent soon developed in writing historical novels, and in discussing field sports, of which, in respect to pastime, he was particularly fond. In temperament and disposition Herbert was eccentric; he was saturated with monarchical ideas, while in his personal relations he was quite as liable to make enemies as friends.

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In dress he affected, on all occasions, the typical English sportsman, and seemed never so happy as in his top-boots and spurs, gun in hand, and his horse and dogs in waiting. As a writer he was singularly picturesque and strong, and his tales, such as "Marmaduke Wyvill,” Sherwood Forest"; or, "Wager of Battle," and "The Miller of Martigny," the literary sensations of the time, are, even today, recalled with keen delight by all readers of the romantic in literature. Herbert was a thorough Bohemian in his habits, disdaining everything which savored of the conventional in society. Some time previous to his death, he purchased a few acres of land in a retired spot in New Jersey, not far from the present city of Paterson, erected a dwelling thereon, in accordance with his peculiar tastes, and giving the place the name of "The Cedars," here took up his home with a servant companion, and occupied his time with literary work and sports. The earnings from his pen were really handsome, and, had he been given to anything like frugality, he might easily have possessed a splendid property; but he was both extravagant and wasteful. At last his life went out, and in a manner fully in keeping with his erratic existence. One day, in 1858, Herbert gave a grand dinner to his personal friends at the Brandreth House in New York, and while his guests were enjoying the feast which he had provided, he suddenly left the table and sought an adjoining room. Only a moment later his companions were startled by the

sharp report of a revolver, and rushing in quest of their friend, they were horrified to find him lying dead upon the floor. Herbert had committed suicide.

At the expiration of about five years the American Monthly Magazine suspended publication, Park Benjamin being its editor at the time.

Some three years prior to this date the Southern Literary Messenger began its existence in Richmond, Virginia, its publisher being E. A. White. The office of the magazine was soon changed to Baltimore, where its publication was attended with a signal degree of prosperity. Here Mr. White made the acquaintance of a writer then coming into prominence as a novelist, John P. Kennedy, subsequently known to literary fame as Horseshoe Robinson." Desirous of aiding the publisher in his efforts to make his enterprise successful, Mr. Kennedy called Mr. White's attention one day to the rising genius of Edgar A. Poe. Addressing the publisher by letter a few days later on the subject, Mr. Kennedy said:

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"I have no doubt but that Mr. Poe can be made

very useful to you. And-poor fellow - he is very poor! He is at work upon a tragedy; but I have turned him to drudging upon whatever may turn to money, and I have no doubt you will find your account in each other.'

By appointment Mr. White met Poe, and invited him to assist him in conducting his magazine. This engagement resulted, in the course of a few months, in Poe's taking entire editorial charge of the periodical. However, it was not long before Poe resigned his position as editor, contenting himself with being merely a contributor to the Messenger. Hans Pfaal" made its appearance, and was widely read and commented on by the literary public. On the whole, perhaps this was the best of Poe's contributions to the magazine. In 1835 Poe left for Richmond, and from this date his connection with the Messenger proved only nominal.

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In 1837 the Gentleman's Magazine was founded in Philadelphia, by the actor-comedian, William E. Burton. Edgar Allan Poe at once became its leading contributor, and, at the end of its second year of existence, its editor. His work, both as editor and contributor, was valuable in the extreme; but in the space of six months the besetting weakness of his character had possessed him to such an extent that his efficiency had ceased to be manifest, and, finally, his connection with the magazine ended altogether. Once more Mr. Burton assumed editorial

charge, conducting the periodical with ability, but its popularity declined and it was discontinued.

In 1841 Graham's Magazine began its career, its star of destiny bright in the extreme. The prominent writers of the day became its contributors. Its publisher, from whom it was named, was not lacking in excellent judgment and ability, and in a comparatively short time the magazine attained a circulation of over thirty thousand, an unprecedented popularity for those years.

Poe, who had, happily, regained the mastery over himself, was called to the editorship after a few months, and performed his labors with consummate ability. Indeed, his work both as editor and contributor, was more than equal to anything he had previously done. For somewhat more than a year all went well with this son of genius; then the one curse of his existence took possession of him again, and he abandoned his position of honor and influence, being succeeded by one who, in after years, was his vindictive biographer, Dr. Rufus W. Griswold. The next to bid for popular favor was Putnam's Monthly, founded in January, 1853, by George P. Putnam, the eminent publisher. Its first editor was Charles F. Briggs, with whom were associated Parke Godwin and George William Curtis. The magazine was most fortunate in its publisher, as well as in its editorial staff. In effecting arrangements looking to the success of the enterprise, Mr. Putnam, a business gentleman with rare literary instincts, had entered into an extensive correspondence with many of the leading writers of the day, and had secured their services as contributors to the forthcoming periodical, so that, with the corps of able editors engaged, the outlook for the enterprise seemed indeed auspicious. After the first number of the magazine had made its appearance, it was apparent that the new monthly would ere long occupy the

field practically alone, since the Knickerbocker Magazine, was fast declining in favor.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and others of the most eminent writers in the land, were contributors to the new monthly, and the repast set before the reading public from month to month was as delightful as can be imagined. In the pages of Putnam's Magazine originally appeared Longfellow's now famous poem, the "Warden of the Cinque Ports," as also Lowell's ever-to-be-remembered "Fountain of Youth." Curtis contributed to the magazine many of the sketches and other papers by which he will be best remembered, while a galaxy of new writers enriched its pages with contributions in prose and in verse, such as have become a part of the literary treasures of America.

In Putnam's Magazine appeared Herman Melville's story, "The Bell Tower," certain sketches and poems of the brilliant young author Fitz-James O'Brien, and William O'Connor's weird "Ghost" tale, as also the Rev. John H. Hanson's query, and reply, "Have we a Bourbon Among Us?" an article whose purpose it was to show that a certain "Rev. Eleazer Williams, of Green Bay, Wisconsin," was none other in fact than the unfortunate Louis XVII. of France.

For some seemingly unaccountable reason on the part of Mr. Putnam, the magazine in the high-tide of prosperity was permitted to pass into other hands, and early in 1857 the new publishers failed in business, and with their failure went the life of Putnam's Monthly. Ten years later its publication was renewed, once more the property of the original projector and publisher. But this time its stay was brief, for in 1870 the magazine was purchased by the Charles Scribner Publishing Company, and its existence became a part of the new child of destiny, Scribner's Magazine, its editor and part owner being Dr. J. G. Holland.

-Henry Jones Mulford.