that under the last two Stuart kings. Queen Mary he judged with severity at first, having no clue to the Christian beauty of her character, and acknowledging this even on her death with an abatement, because of her 'taking the Crown without a more due apology.' His last atonement to a pious spirit which he may be pardoned for having understood only through a glass was his undertaking the Treasurership of Greenwich Hospital, which he held during six years. Under Queen Anne his loyalty no doubt endured; but his impressions of contemporary politics became hazy, as has happened to public men of greater importance who have outlived their age. In October 1705 he notes

'an indication of great unsteadiness somewhere, but thus the crafty Whig party (as called) begin to change the face of the Court, in opposition to the High Churchmen, which was another distinction of a party from the Low Churchmen.'

Evelyn's attitude towards religious questions, as already illustrated in the course of these pages, was not in all respects the same as that taken up by him in dynastic and general politics. It is, of course, quite impossible in such a period as that spanned by his life to keep apart these aspects of a life so full of public and private interests. Evelyn's singleminded and convinced attachment to the National Church was strengthened by his inborn dislike-due to motives quite unconnected with dogma or system-of any kind of Nonconformity. If, in spite of this spiritual and mental attitude, which his Diary attests, not in one or two, but in a hundred instances, he has been frequently called a Puritan, this is only because the whole period of English life into which that of his manhood coincided is still persistently misunderstood. Perhaps, however, the fallacious fancy is being gradually undermined that in what is called the Restoration Age, not only religious sentiment but a religious conduct of life was in the main confined to the Puritans and those who were in general sympathy with them. This fallacy Evelyn's own Diary, hardly less than his imperishable monograph on the life of Mrs. Godolphin, ought long since to have sufficed of themselves to explode.

Evelyn, it may at the same time be worth emphasizing, was free from the slightest inclination towards Roman Catholicism, such as was by no means unfrequent among the English upper classes in the time of his youth, and was, of course, deliberately encouraged during the brief reign of James II. The Italian travel of his younger days had, in accordance with a common biographical experience, failed to mould his mind towards acquiescence in the pretensions of a Church which to him remained alien. Born antiquarian though he was, he could not imbibe any superstitious reverence for relics, whether for the pillar on which the cock crowed after St. Peter's denial,' or for 'trifles' connected with the reported martyr Becket,'' or for the 'doubting finger of an earlier St. Thomas'3; and the ceremony of kissing the Pope's toe left him unmoved. Though he actually translated the volume which bore the sub-title of Another Part of the Mystery of Jesuitism (a continuation, with a difference, of Pascal's Provinciales, itself in its turn continued by Dr. Tonge), and prefixed to it a brief but very pointed preface, he maintained an attitude of prudent skepsis towards the Popish Plot denunciations and towards the case of Lord Stafford in particular. On the other hand he testified to the direct influence of the French religious persecutions in keeping up anti-Catholic feeling in Europe, and the open demonstrations in favour of Rome directed by James II. filled him with disgust, while his conviction of the intrigues of the Jesuits prompted him to address Archbishop Sancroft on the subject in a letter which may be held to have contributed to influence the conduct of the bishops. Yet, while he approved Burnet's Calvinistic exposition of the doctrine of election," he was himself no latitudinarian or Aufklärer, and in 1655, in the midst of the days of religious 'liberty,' he records that he frequently stayed at home

'to catechize and instruct his family of those exercises universally ceasing in the parish churches; so as people had no principles, and grew very ignorant of even the common points of Chris2 Ibid. p. 246. 3 Ibid. p. 255.

Vol. i. p. 191.

Vol. iii. p. 84.

tianity all devotion being now placed in hearing sermons and discourses of speculative and notional things.'

The work in which Evelyn seems to have designed to comprehend the total of his thoughts on religious belief and religious life, credenda et facienda, was destined to remain unprepared for publication, and was not actually published till nearly a century and a half after the death of the writer (1850). Even without more than a quite cursory glance at this book, which fills two volumes of not inconsiderable size, and is in itself a monument of the single-minded and unpretentious labours of its writer, it is permissible to conclude from many scattered passages of his Diary that he had seen into the significance of true Christianity beyond the spheres of either systematic or controversial theology. Evelyn's was a positive nature; numerous and varied as were the interests that occupied his mind, the imaginative was not its strongest side; and when called upon to make out a list of great Englishmen worthy of a place in Clarendon's portrait gallery he left out not only Milton (which is explicable enough), but—unless he had been previously included -Shakespeare. But his soul had scaled the heights and sounded the depths of spiritual feeling. No royal compliments could suppress in him the wish-even as a servant of his King-O that I had performed my duty as I ought!' The deaths of those he loved best helped, as they help all those who can believe in a world to come, to strengthen and to refine the faith that was in him. And when he had devoted a day to visiting the sick, and thence to an almshouse, where was prayers and relief, some very ill and miserable,' he recorded that this was one of the best days he had ever spent in his life. The annual resolutions of his later birthdays were not pious banalities; they expressed a rule of conduct which he had always humbly striven to follow they were true prayers.

Many sides of Evelyn's activity, and some of them those which will most readily occur to readers of the Diary, have been barely glanced at in this brief review. His services to the cultivation of art in England were not limited to his procuring the Arundel marbles for Oxford (to which

University he was piously attached, though his account of Cambridge is quite creditable to an Oxford man), or to his virtual discovery of the genius of Grinling Gibbons. His practical advice to divers patrons and friends in the matter of domestic architecture, and more especially as to the management of parks, orchards (Pomona is an appendix to Sylva), and gardens in general, gives him a place which he will never lose among the English writers whose names are associated with this truly national theme. His services to science cannot be measured even by the practical value of Fumifugium, one of the most frequently cited though perhaps least widely followed of his works; for he was one of the founders, though his modesty prevented him from becoming one of the earliest Presidents, of the Royal Society. In 1659, the year of confusion, he communicated to Robert Boyle his proposal for erecting a 'philosophic and mathematic college'; and some years later he took part in setting on foot in London an 'academy' for physical and especially military training. Although he thus came nearer in his conceptions than most of his contemporaries to modern ideals of University work and life, his best service to the progress of higher education in this country was that, by example as well as doubtless by deliberate enunciation of his views, he upheld and advanced what seemed to him the standard appropriate to the class to which he belonged. From a description of Lord Essex' house of Cassiobury, in Essex, he passes on to an estimate of its owner, 'a sober, wise, judicious, and pondering person, not illiterate, beyond the rate of most noblemen of his age; very well versed in English history and affairs, industrious, frugal, and accomplished.' The description might stand for one of Evelyn himself, if there were added that nescio quid of the qualities which raise such a man as he was above such a level as he here indicates, and which mark him out as an admirable type of the cultured gentleman of his age, but at the same time, though devoid of either literary or scientific genius, a man of high purpose and deep conscientiousness. It is this which distinguishes everything that he wrote, and that, in an age of which such men as he were the salt,

gives an idealistic tone even to a dry treatise like his Sculptura, by virtue of such a passage as this:

'If a quarter of that which is thrown away upon cards, dice, dogs, mistresses, base and vitious gallanteries, and im pertinent follies, were imploy'd to the encouragement of arts, and promotion of science, how illustrious and magnificent would that age be, how glorious and infinitely happy! We complain of the times present-'tis we that make them bad." A. W. WARD.

ART. IV.-EDUCATION AND CRIME.

1. Compte Général de la Justice Criminelle pendant l'Année 1904. (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.)

2. Annuaire Statistique de la France, 1905. (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.)

3. Annuaire de l'Économie Politique. Par MAURICE BLOCK. (Paris: 1899.)

4. The English Criminal Statistics for 1904 and for 1905. (London: Wyman & Sons, Ltd., 1906, 1907.)

5. Germany: the Welding of a World Power. By WOLF VON SCHIERBRAND. (London: Grant Richards, 1903.) 6. New South Wales Year Book for 1904-5. (Published by Government Authority.)

7. New South Wales Statistical Register for 1905. Part XI. (Published by Authority.)

8. Victorian Year Book for 1905. (By Authority.)

9. Statistical Register for the State of Victoria for the Year 1905. Part VIII. (By Authority.)

10. Statistical Account of Australasia, 1903-4. By T. A. COGHLAN. (Published by Authority of the Commonwealth Government, 1904.)

11. U.S.A. Annual Report of the Commissioner for Education. 1905. Vol. I.

12. Industrial Efficiency. By ARTHUR SHADWELL, M.A., M.D. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1906.) And other Works.

AN examination of the facts that bear upon the relations of education and crime has often been attempted and almost