(Nat. Ord. Laurineæ) (which comes from Cochin-China); and CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM (Ceylon cinnamon), the inner bark of the shoots of cinnamomum Zeylanicum (Nat. Ord. Laurinea), are all recognized by the Pharmacopoeia. Of these varieties the latter is considered the finest and the former the poorest in quality. They contain volatile oil, tannic acid, etc., are slightly astringent, and are used as carminatives, flavoring ingredients, and vehicles.

TINCTURA CINNAMOMI (tincture of cinnamon) contains 10 per cent. of powdered Ceylon cinnamon; dose f3j-ij (4.0-8.0).

AQUA CINNAMOMI (cinnamon water) contains 0.2 per cent. of the oil of cinnamon, and is used as a vehicle.

OLEUM CINNAMOMI (oil of cinnamon) is a volatile oil distilled from cassia cinnamon; dose gtt. j-iij (0.06-0.18).

SPIRITUS CINNAMOMI (spirit of cinnamon) contains 10 per cent. of the oil; dose mx-xxx (0.6-2.0).

MYRISTICA (nutmeg); MACIS (mace). These are parts of the fruit of Myristica fragrans (Nat. Ord. Myristicaceae), the arillode of the seed being mace, and the seed nutmegs. Both contain volatile oils. They are aromatic stimulants, carminatives, and in large doses narcotics.

OLEUM MYRISTICA (oil of nutmeg), dose gtt. j-v (0.06-0.3). SPIRITUS MYRISTICA (spirit of nutmeg) contains 5 per cent. of the oil; dose f3ss-ij (1.8-7.3).

CARYOPHYLLUS (cloves) is the unexpanded flowers of Eugenia aromatica (Nat. Ord. Myrtaceæ). They contain volatile oil, tannic acid, caryophyllin and eugenin. They are gastric stimulants and carminatives, but are principally employed as a condiment. The oil is used as a local anodyne to carious teeth.

OLEUM CARYOPHYLLI (oil of cloves), dose gtt. iij-v (0.18–0.3).

PIMENTA, or allspice, is the nearly ripe fruit of Pimenta officinalis (Nat. Ord. Myrtaceae). It contains a volatile oil, and is carminative. OLEUM PIMENTE (oil of pimenta), dose gtt. iij-v (0.18-0.3).

ZINGIBER (ginger) is the rhizome of Z. officinale (Nat. Ord. Scitamineæ). It contains a volatile oil and an acrid resin. It is a

gastric stimulant and carminative, much employed in flatulency and colic and as an addition to other stomachics.

EXTRACTUM ZINGIBERIS FLUIDUM (fluid extract of ginger), dose mx-xxx (0.6-2.0).

TINCTURA ZINGIBERIS (tincture of ginger), dose f3ss-j (2.0-4.0). SYRUPUS ZINGIBERIS (syrup of ginger), used as a vehicle for other medicines.

OLEORESINA ZINGIBERIS (oleoresin of ginger), used as a corrective to purgative pills to prevent griping; dose mss-ij (0.03-0.12). TROCHISCI ZINGIBERIS (troches of ginger), dose 2 or 3 lozenges. CARDAMOMUM (cardamom) is the fruit of Elettaria repens (Nat. Ord. Scitamineæ), and contains a volatile oil. It is used as a gastric stimulant and carminative, and as an adjuvant and corrective of other medicines.

TINCTURA CARDAMOMI (tincture of cardamom), dose f3j-ij (4.0-8.0).

TINCTURA CARDAMOMI COMPOSITA (compound tincture of cardamom) contains also caraway, cassia, cinnamon, and cochineal; dose f3j-ij (4.0-8.0).

PULVIS AROMATICUS (aromatic powder) consists of ceylon cinnamon and ginger (35 per cent. each), with cardamom and nutmeg (15 per cent. each). An excellent carminative preparation. Dose gr. x-xxx (0.6-2.0).

EXTRACTUM AROMATICUM FLUIDUM (aromatic fluid extract) is a fluid extract of aromatic powder. Dose mxv-xxx (1.0–2.0).

OLEUM CAJUPUTI (oil of cajuput) is the volatile oil distilled from the leaves of Melaleuca Leucadendron (Nat. Ord. Myrtacea), and is very destructive to low organisms. It has been employed as a remedy against ascarides and, locally, in parasitic skin diseases, but is chiefly used as a gastric stimulant and carminative in flatulent colic and to prevent the griping of cathartics. Dose mj-v (0.06– 0.3).

CALAMUS is the rhizome of Acorus Calamus (Nat. Ord. Aroidea). It contains a volatile oil and a glucoside, acorin. It is an aromatic stimulant and is somewhat tonic.

EXTRACTUM CALAMI FLUIDUM (fluid extract of calamus), dose mx-xxx (0.6-2.0).

OLEUM GAULTHERIÆ (oil of gaultheria) is a volatile oil distilled from the leaves of G. procumbens or wintergreen (Nat. Ord. Ericacea), and has been considered under the head of "Salicylic Acid ”. It consists almost entirely of methyl salicylate and is nearly identical with volatile oil of Betula (vid. Salicylates); dose in rheumatism mv-xv (0.31-0.93 c. c.).

SPIRITUS GAULTHERIE (spirit of gaultheria) contains 5 per cent. of the oil; dose mx-xxx (0.62–1.85 c. c.).

The following herbs, belonging to the Nat. Ord. Labiata, contain volatile oils, and are used as carminatives, gastric stimulants and flavoring ingredients:

OLEUM LAVENDULE FLORUM (oil of lavender flowers) is a volatile oil distilled from the flowers of L. vera. Dose gtt. j-v (0.06–0.3). Spiritus Lavendula (spirit of lavender) and Tinctura Lavendulæ Composita (compound tincture of lavender) are also official; dose of either f3ss-j (2.0-4.0).

MENTHA PIPERITA (peppermint) and MENTHA VIRIDIS (spearmint). The leaves and tops are official. The oils (oleum mentho piperita and oleum menthae viridis, dose gtt. j-v (0.06–0.3)) are usually given in the form of spirit (spiritus mentha piperita and spiritus menthæ viridis), dose mv-xxx (0.3-2.0). The waters (aqua mentha piperita and aqua menthae viridis) are used as vehicles. Troches of peppermint (trochisci mentha piperita) are sometimes used in flatulent colic.

OLEUM ROSMARINI (oil of rosemary) is a volatile oil distilled from the leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis. It is carminative, but is chiefly used as an ingredient of rubefacient liniments.

HEDEOMA (pennyroyal). The leaves and tops of H. pulegioides are official. The volatile oil (oleum hedeoma) may be given in doses of mj-v (0.06-0.3).

MARRUBIUM (horehound). The leaves and tops of M. vulgare are used as a gastric stimulant and expectorant.

SALVIA (sage). The leaves of S. officinalis are slightly astringent as well as aromatic. An infusion is sometimes used as a gargle in sore throat.

OLEUM THYMI (oil of thyme), a volatile oil distilled from the leaves and flowering tops of Thymus vulgaris, contains much thymol

(q. v.), and is therefore not only aromatic and carminative, but antiseptic and antifermentative.

The following seed are derived from plants belonging to the Nat. Ord. Umbelliferæ :

FONICULUM (fennel), from F. capillaceum. Of the oil (oleum foeniculi), the dose is gtt. v-x (0.3-0.6). A water (aqua foeniculi) is also official.

CARUM (caraway), from C. Carvi. Dose of the oil (oleum car) gtt. j-x (0.06-0.6).

ANISUM (anise), from Pimpinella anisum. Dose of the oil (oleum anisi) gtt. v-xv (0.3-0.9). A spirit (spiritus anisi) and a water (aqua anisi) are also official.

CORIANDRUM (coriander), from C. sativum. The oil (oleum coriandri) is official.

ILLICIUM (star-anise) is the fruit of I. verum (Nat. Ord. Magnoliaceae). It contains a volatile oil, and is used as a substitute for anise.

The following preparations are only used as flavors and vehicles:AURANTII AMARI CORTEX (bitter orange peel); AURANTII DULCIS CORTEX (sweet orange peel). These are respectively the rind of the fruits of Citrus vulgaris (bitter orange) and of C. Aurantium (sweet orange) (Nat. Ord. Rutacea). The following preparations are official:

Orl of orange flowers, or oil of neroli (oleum auranti florûm), a volatile oil distilled from the fresh flowers of the bitter orange; stronger orange flower water (aqua aurantii florum fortior-aqua auranti florum, Pharm. 1880-triple orange flower water), water saturated with the volatile oil of fresh orange flowers, obtained as a by-product in the distillation of the oil of orange flowers; orange flower water (aqua aurantii florum), equal volumes of stronger orange flower water and distilled water freshly mixed; syrup of orange flowers (syrupus aurantii florûm); syrup of orange peel. (syrupus auranti); oil of orange peel (oleum auranti corticis); spirit of orange (spiritus auranti); compound spirit of orange (spiritus aurantii compositus) contains oil of orange peel (200), oil

of lemon (50), oil of coriander (20), and oil of anise (5) in 1000 parts of the preparation. It is used in making elixir aromaticum (aromatic elixir), which contains 12 parts of the compound spirit in 1000 parts of the preparation; fluid extract of bitter orange peel (extractum aurantii amari fluidum); tinctures of bitter and of sweet orange peel (tinctura aurantii amari, tinctura aurantii dulcis)—dose of either tincture, f3j-ij (4.0-8.0).

VANILLA, the fruit of V. planifolia (Nat. Ord. Orchidaceae), contains vanillin. The tincture (tinctura vanilla) is official.

The oil of turpentine is an excellent carminative and will be considered hereafter.

ORDER IV.-CATHARTICS.

What are cathartics?

Cathartics are medicines employed to produce an evacuation from the bowels either by increasing intestinal peristalsis, or by increasing the secretions of the canal and its appendages.

For what purposes are they used?

They are used (1) to unload the bowels; (2) to deplete the blood vessels by abstracting water from the blood; (3) to promote absorption; (4) to stimulate secretion; (5) to eliminate noxious material from the blood (as the poison of uræmia); (6) to act as revulsives, and (7) to influence the pelvic circulation.

How may cathartics be classified?

Cathartics are divided into laxatives, simple purgatives, salines and drastics.

What are laxatives?

LAXATIVES.

Laxatives are such substances as unload the bowels, acting without irritation and not causing purgation.

Name the laxatives.

Tamarind, manna, cassia fistula, frangula, cascara sagrada, castor oil, sulphur and sulphurated potassa.