Thirteenth. He shall have the right to order the suspension from office of governors of Provinces in case of their exceeding their powers and violating the laws, reporting the fact to the Senate in such manner as may he determined, for proper action.

Fourteenth. He shall have the right to prefer charges against the governors of Provinces in the cases stated in paragraph third of arti

cle 47.

Fifteenth. He shall have the right to pardon criminals in accordance with the provisions of the law, except public officers who may have been convicted of crimes committed in the performance of their duties. Sixteenth. He shall receive the diplomatic representatives and recognize the consular agents of other nations.

Seventeenth. He shall have at his disposal, as Commander in Chief, the land and naval forces of the Republic, take proper measures for the defense of its territory, reporting to Congress the action taken for the purpose, and take proper measures for the maintenance of the public peace whenever there shall arise any danger of invasion or any rebellion seriously threatening public safety. At a time when Congress is not in session the President shall convene same without delay for proper action.

ART. 69. The President shall not leave the territory of the Republic without the authority of Congress.

ART. 70. The President shall be responsible before the Supreme Court of Justice for all ordinary crimes committed by him during his term of office; but he shall not be indicted without previous authority of the Senate.

ART. 71. The President shall receive from the State a salary which may be changed at any time; but the change shall not take effect except within the Presidential periods next following that in which it may have been agreed upon.

TITLE VIII.

THE VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC.

ART. 72. There shall be a Vice-President of the Republic, who shall be elected in the same manner and for a like period of time as the President and conjointly with the latter. To become Vice-President, the same qualifications prescribed for President by this Constitution

are necessary.

ART. 73. The Vice-President of the Republic shall be President of the Senate, but shall only be entitled to vote in case of a tie.

ART. 74. In case of temporay or permanent absence of the President of the Republic, the Vice-President shall substitute him in the exercise of the Executive power. Should the absence be permanent, the substitution shall continue until the end of the Presidential term.

ART. 75. The Vice-President shall receive a salary from the State which may be changed at any time, but the change shall not take effect except within the Presidential periods next following that in which it may have been agreed upon.

TITLE IX.

ART. 76. For the exercise of his powers the President of the Republic shall have such Cabinet Ministers as may be prescribed by law, and Cuban citizens only in the full enjoyment of their civil and political rights shall be appointed.

ART. 77. All decrees, orders, and decisions of the President of the Republic shall bear the referendum of the respective Cabinet Minister, without which they shall not be enforceable and shall not be executed.

ART. 78. The Cabinet Ministers shall be personally responsible for all acts bearing their referendum and jointly and severally responsible for those which they may jointly decree or sanction. This responsibility does not exempt the President from the personal and direct responsibility which he may incur.

ART. 79. The Cabinet Ministers shall be impeached by the House of Representatives, in the Senate, in the cases mentioned in paragraph two of article 47.

ART. 80. The Cabinet Ministers shall receive a salary from the State which may be changed at any time, but the change shall not go into effect except within the Presidential periods next following the one in which it may have been agreed upon.

TITLE X.

SECTION FIRST.-The exercise of judicial powers.

ART. 81. The judicial power shall be vested in a Supreme Court of Justice and in such other courts as may be established by law. The said law will regulate their respective organization and powers, the manner of exercising the same, and the qualifications that must be possessed by the functionaries composing the said courts.

SECTION SECOND.-Supreme Court of Justice.

ART. 82. To be Chief Justice or justices of the Supreme Court the following conditions are required:

First. To be a Cuban by birth.

Second. To have attained to the age of thirty-five years.

Third. To be in the full enjoyment of civil and political rights, and not to have been condemned to any pena aflictiva for ordinary offenses. Fourth. To possess, in addition, any of the following qualifications: To have practiced in Cuba, during ten years at least, the profession of law, or discharged for a like period of time judicial duties, or occupied for the same number of years chair of law in an official educational establishment.

Other persons may be also appointed to the positions of Chief Justice and justices of the Supreme Court, provided they possess the qualifications required by conditions 1, 2, and 3 of this article.

(a) Those persons who may have previously held positions in the judiciary of a similar or next inferior grade for the period that may be provided for by law.

(b) Those persons who, prior to the promulgation of this Constitution, may have been justices of the Supreme Court of the Island of Cuba.

The time during which lawyers shall have exercised judicial functions shall be reckoned as that of the practice of law necessary to qualify them for appointment as justices of the Supreme Court.

ART. 83. In addition to the powers that may have been conferred previously, or may be in future conferred by the laws, the Supreme Court shall be vested with the following:

First. To take cognizance of appeals for the cassation of decisions of inferior courts.

Second. To decide as to the right of jurisdiction of courts immediately below it, or which may not be under the control of a higher court, common to both.

Third. To have cognizance of all cases in litigation to which the State, Provinces, and municipalities are parties inter se.

Fourth. To decide as to the constitutionality of the laws, decrees, and regulations, whenever questions relating thereto shall arise between interested parties.

SECTION THIRD.-General rules relating to the administration of justice.

ART. 84. Justice shall be administered gratuitously throughout the territory of the Republic.

ART. 85. The courts of law shall have cognizance of all suits, either civil, criminal, or interadministrative (contencioso-administrativos). ART. 86. There shall not be created, under any circumstances or title whatsoever, any judicial commission or special courts.

ART. 87. No judicial functionary shall be suspended or discharged from his office or position except by reason of crime or other serious cause, duly proven, and always after he has been heard.

Neither shall he be removed to another position without his consent unless it be for the manifest benefit of the public service.

ART. 88. All judicial functionaries shall be personally responsible, in the manner which the laws may determine, for all violations of the laws committed by them.

ART. 89. The salaries of judicial functionaries shall only be changed at periods of over five years, the said change to be made by a special law. The law shall not assign different salaries for positions the grade, category, and duties of which are equal.

ART. 90. Military and naval courts shall be regulated by a special organic law.

TITLE XI.

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT.

SECTION FIRST.-General rules.

ART. 91. Provinces shall comprise the municipal districts within their limits.

ART. 92. Each Province shall have one governor and one provincial council, elected by the direct vote of the people in the manner prescribed by law. The number of councilmen in each Province shall not be less than eight nor more than twenty.

SECTION SECOND.-Provincial councils and their powers.

ART. 93. Provincial councils shall have the right to—

First. Decide all matters concerning the Province, and which, under the Constitution, treaties, or laws, are not within the general jurisdiction of the State or the special jurisdiction of the ayuntamientos.

Second. Prepare their budgets, providing the necessary incomes to meet them, without any other limitations thereto than that consistent with the tax system of the Government.

Third. Contract loans for public works for the benefit of the Province, but voting at the same time the necessary permanent incomes for the payment of the interest and redemption of said loans.

In order that said loans may be raised, they must be approved by two-thirds of the members of the municipal councils of the Province. Fourth. To impeach the governor before the Senate, in the cases specified in paragraph 3 of article 47, whenever two-thirds of the total number of provincial councilmen shall decide, in secret session, to prefer such charges.

Fifth. To appoint to and remove from office provincial employees, in accordance with provisions which may be established by law.

ART. 94. Provincial councils shall not reduce or suppress revenues of a permanent character without establishing, at the same time, others in substitution thereof, except when the reduction or suppression shall arise from the reduction or suppression of equivalent permanent

expenses.

ART. 95. The decisions of the provincial councils shall be presented to the governor of the Province, and should he approve the same he shall affix his signature thereto. Otherwise, he shall return them, with his objections, to the council, which will again discuss the matter. If, after this second discussion, two-thirds of the total number of councilmen should vote in favor of the measure it shall be executed. Whenever the governor does not, within ten days after the presentation of the resolution, return the same it will be considered approved, and shall, in a like manner, be executed.

ART. 96. All resolutions of the provincial councils may be suspended by the governor of the Province or by the President of the Republic, whenever, in their judgment, they may be contrary to the Constitution, treaties, laws, or resolutions adopted by the municipal councils in the exercise of their inherent rights. But the right of cognizance and decision of all claims arising from the said suspension shall pertain to the courts.

ART. 97. Neither the provincial councilmen, nor any section of, or commission from among their members, or of other persons designated by them, shall have any intervention in election matters pertaining to any election whatsoever.

ART. 98. The provincial councilmen shall be personally responsible before the courts in the manner prescribed by law for all acts whatsoever which they may perform in the exercise of their duties.

SECTION THIRD.-Governors of Provinces and their powers.

ART. 99. The governors of Provinces shall have power toFirst. Comply with and enforce, in all matters within their jurisdiction, the laws, decrees, and general regulations of the nation.

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Second. Publish the resolutions of the provincial councils that may be enforceable, executing the same and causing them to be executed. Third. Issue orders, as well as the necessary instructions and regulations for the better execution of the resolutions of the provincial councils, when the latter should not have done so.

Fourth. Call together the provincial councils in special session, whenever in their judgment it may be necessary, stating in the order convening the session the object thereof.

Fifth. Suspend the resolutions of the provincial and municipal councils in the cases determined this Constitution.

Sixth. Order the suspension of alcaldes from office in cases where they exceed their powers, violate the Constitution or the laws, infringe the resolutions of provincial councils, or fail to comply with their duties; reporting such action to the provincial council in such manner as may be provided for by law.

Seventh. Appoint and remove the employees of his office in such manner as may be provided for by law..

ART. 100. The governor shall be responsible to the Senate, as specified in this Constitution, and to the courts of justice, in all other cases of crime in such manner as may be provided for by law.

ART. 101. The governor shall receive from the provincial treasury a salary, which may be changed at any time, but the change shall not take effect until after the election of a new governor.

ART. 102. In case of absence, either temporary or permanent, of the governor of the province, he shall be substituted in the discharge of his official duties by the president of the provincial council. Should such absence be permanent such substitution shall continue until the end of the term for which the governor may have been elected.

TITLE XII.

MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.

SECTION FIRST.-General rules.

ART. 103. The municipal districts shall be governed by municipal councils composed of the number of councilmen, elected by direct vote, as may be provided for by law.

ART. 104. In each municipal district there shall be an alcalde, elected by direct vote, as may be provided for by law.

SECTION SECOND.-Municipal councils and their powers.

ART. 105. The municipal councils shall have power toFirst. Decide all matters that relate exclusively to municipal districts.

Second. Prepare the budgets, providing the necessary revenues to meet them, without further limitations than making them compatible with the tax system of the State.

Third. Contract loans, but at the same time voting the permanent revenues necessary for the payment of interest and redemption of

same.