9. Having annoyed us thus for a time, they began to form themselves into close columns, six or eight abreast.-Jane Taylor.

10.

She

gave

(to)

world

a

-me

for — pains

my

of-sighs.

NOTE.-Notice that the abridged expression in sentences 2, 3, 4, 8, and 9 becomes an adverbial element when expanded. The reason that these adverbial clauses, when abridged, become adjective elements, is that the subjects of the principal and subordinate clauses denote the same person or thing; and when the subject of the subordinate clause is dropped, by abridgment, the abridged expression modifies the subject of the principal clause denoting the same person or thing. In sentence 3, "but" is a modal adverb modifying "being;" "dust" is a noun in the nominative case after "being." In 4 and 5, "artisan" and "man" are in the objective case. (See Harvey's Practical Grammar, page 182, Revised Edition.) In 10, "My story being done" is an abridged proposition; it is an adverbial element of the first class and modifies "gave." "Story" is in the absolute case with the par ticiple "being done."

story My

being done,

7. He saw a star shoot from heaven, and glittering in its fall, vanish upon the earth.

NOTE.-Make sentence 7 compound and make "and" connect the two clauses, if pre

ferred.

11. And behold there came a voice unto him, and said, What dost thou here, Elijahı ?— Bible.

NOTE.-In 4, "without the inspiration" modifies "has." In 5, "well" is a colloquial adverb; it is an attendant element with the object clause. In 6, "A sail ahead" is a noun; it is the object of the preposition "of." In 8, "stream" is in the absolute case by exclamation; "sweet" is a predicate adjective; sentence 9 is compound. In 10, "day" is in the

objective case without a governing word, or the object of a preposition understood. In 11, "and", at the beginning of the sentence is an introductory conjunction; "behold” is an interjection; or by our lexicographers, a verb in the imperative mode. Elijah" is in the absolute case.

13. He wore an ample cloak of black sheep's wool, which, having faded into a dull brown, had been refreshed by an enormous patch of the original color. His countenance was that of the faded part of his cloak.-Bryant.

NOTE.-Sentence 13 is not compound; the two sentences are connected only in thought.

line

The

18. In the awful mystery of human life, it is a consolation sometimes to believe that our mistakes, perhaps even our sins, are permitted to be instruments of our education for im mortality.

NOTE.-In 18, "instruments" is in the nominative case in the predicate with the complex copula "are permitted to be." "Perhaps" and "even" modify the entire copula "(are permitted to be)." Some grammarians would diagram "In the awful mystery of human life" as a modifier of "is."

19. Even if his criticisms had been uniformly indulgent, the position of the nobles and leading citizens, thus subjected to a constant but secret superintendence, would have been too galling to be tolerated.-Motley.

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NOTE.-Some would parse 66 even, in sentence 19, as an adverb modifying would have been galling." To be tolerated" has the construction of an adverb and modifies galling." In 21, to my mind, "like" is an adverb; many teachers consider it a preposition in this sentence. Around a sinking empire and (around) falling monarch" is a compound complex adjective element of the second class, and modifies "misfortunes" and "disasters."

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