$(100) Miscellaneous Examples. (1) "Presume not that I am the thing I was, For I have turned away my former self; So will I those that kept me company." (In full, and in the direct order) "(Thou) presume not that I am the thing (which) I was, for I have turned away my former self; so I will (turn away) those that kept me company." (c) for I have turned away my Subord., Adv. for I have turned my former self away former self to presume It will be observed that the two Complex Sentences given above form a Compound Sentence. So and in like manner. Thus we have-"(Thou presume not that I am the thing which I was, for I have turned away my former self ;) and (I will turn away those that keep me company in like manner)." (2) "Better be with the dead Whom we, to gain our place, have sent to peace, In restless ecstasy.' (For analysis)" (It is) better to be with the dead whom we have sent to peace to gain our place, than (it is good) to be on the torture of the mind in restless ecstasy. (a) whom we have sent to peace to Subord., Adj. gain our place to dead We have sent whom to peace to gain our place III.-Rules of Syntax. THE NOUN. § (101) (1) The subject of a sentence is always in the Nominative Case, e.g.,— (a) "John struck William;" (b) "William struck John." In (a) John is the subject, and in the nominative case. When a Noun or Pronoun is followed by a Participle, but is altogether independent of the sentence with which it is connected, so far as Syntax is concerned, it is said to be in the Nominative Absolute, e.g.,— "The weather being fine, we shall start to-morrow." "The work having been finished, we returned to our homes." In these sentences the Nouns weather and work are in the Nominative Absolute. When a Noun is used in an exclamatory manner, to denote the person who is addressed, it is said to be in the Nominative of Address, e.g., "John! you ought to know better." Here John is Nominative of Address. (2) When a Noun denoting possession is followed by another Noun denoting what is possessed, the former is in the Possessive Case, e.g., "I have found John's hat." John's is in the Possessive Case limiting hat. The Possessive Case is sometimes expressed by 's, sometimes by substituting the Preposition of for the case ending, e.g., "The tyrant's jest, the Gentile's scorn." "The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power." The former is usually limited to animate and personified objects, the latter may be employed with either animate or inanimate objects. When the antecedent to a relative Pronoun is in the possessive case, the form of is always employed, e.g.,"The coat of the boy who was killed." The possessive is frequently found with the Noun denoting what is possessed not expressed, e.g.,— "I went to St. Paul's yesterday." (3) When one Noun explains another it is attracted into the same case as the Noun it explains, and is said to be in apposition to it, e.g.,— (a) "James the miller is much respected." Here miller is nominative case to is, in apposition with James. (b) "I saw John the baker yesterday." Here baker is in the objective case, in apposition with John. (c) When two Nouns in the possessive case are in apposition, the apostrophe is attached to only one of them and understood to the other, e.g.,— 66 Thompson the miller's house, was burnt down. "Smith the parson's works, are unintelligible. In the sentence, "John, the butcher's son, was a truant," son, not butcher's, is in apposition with John. This is indicated by placing a comma after John. omitted and the sentence written,— If the comma were "John the butcher's son, was a truant," butcher's would be in apposition with John. (4) When a Noun completes the meaning of a Transitive Verb or any part of a Transitive Verb, or follows a Preposition, it is in the objective case, e.g., "I cut my finger with a knife." Here, finger and knife are in the objective case. "John having found a sovereign, restored it to its owner." Here, sovereign is in the objective case. F Sometimes a Noun completes the meaning of an Intransitive Verb, the two words being derived from the same root. Such objects are called Cognate Objects, e.g., "Let me die the death of the righteous." "He dreamed a dream." "I ran a race." THE VERB. § (102) (1) The Verb agrees with its Nominative in Number and Person, e.g., "I write ;" here write is in the 1st Person Singular. (a) When there is more than one subject, the Verb must be plural, although each subject is singular, and although they are not connected by Conjunctions, e.g.,— "Horror and doubt distract His troubled thoughts." "Art, empire, earth itself, to change are doomed." (b) When two subjects are connected by and, the one affirmative, the other negative, the Verb agrees with the affirmative, e.g., "Our own heart, and not other men's opinions, Forms our true honour." (c) When two singular subjects are connected by as well as, the Verb is singular, e.g.,— 'Veracity, as well as justice, is to be our rule." “There is a peculiar force, as well as peculiar beauty, in this figure." (d) When two or more singular subjects connected by and, are preceded by each, every, or no, the Verb is singular, e.g.,— 66 'Every limb and feature appears with its appropriate grace." "No part of their substance, and no part of their properties, is the same." "Each man and each woman was served with sufficient to eat." |