An American bar was not really in existence before the Revolution. Great causes in which the colonists were interested were occasionally argued at Westminster or before the King in Council, but they were generally in the hands of English barristers. One of the first American lawyers who ever argued before the latter tribunal* was William Samuel Johnson of Connecticut (Yale, Class of 1744), a silver-tongued orator, and one of the Committee on Style, which put the constitution of the United States in its final form, but who has left no published works to perpetuate his name.† His appearance was in the Mohegan case, involving important landed interests in Connecticut, heard at London in 1767, and he had been made, the year before, a Doctor of Civil Law by the University of Oxford. There could be no legal literature in America until our law took a shape of its own, and came to be cultivated as a science. To this Independence opened the door. Removing the possibility of any appeal from American to English tribunals, it gave the lawyers of that day a fair field to work out an orderly system of jurisprudence, *Beardsley, Life and Times of William Samuel Johnson, 47. †His dispatches as Colonial Agent at London for Connecticut, to its governor, which are published in the Trumbull Papers by the Massachusetts Historical Society, show great power of observation and judgment. See Two Centuries' Growth of American Law, 13, 17. which, while it ordinarily followed the Common Law, should follow it only so far as it was suited to the rough conditions of new settlements in a new world. The year after the Declaration of Independence, Nathaniel Chipman was graduated from Yale in the class of 1777, and may rank as the senior among her legal authors. He published in 1793 Sketches of the Principles of Government, (1789-1791), and Reports and Dissertations. The former is clear and well-ordered in its statement and arrangement. He was Chief Justice of Vermont, and Judge of the United States District Court there; revised the statutes of the State twice, and was Professor of Law at Middlebury College from 1816 till his death in 1843. While holding this position, he published a well-considered Treatise on Free Institutions, 330 pp. (Burlington, 1833.) In the succeeding class (1778) was Chief Justice Swift of Connecticut, an original thinker, with a mind of much analytic power. In 1795 and 1796, he published his System of the Laws of Connecticut, followed and superseded in 1822 and 1823 by his Digest of the Laws of Connecticut. These works are of much more than local interest. There was little to differentiate the law of Connecticut from that of other States, except as respects some peculiarities in her political constitution which, until 1818, rested on the ancient charter granted her in 1662 by Charles II. Swift's Digest was an American Blackstone (far superior, indeed, to Blackstone in its treatment of Equity), and was long used to a considerable extent all over the United States, both in legal instruction and as an authority before the Court. He also published, in 1810, the first American treatise on Evidence, together with a short work on Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes. Noah Webster was a class-mate of Swift, and also studied law, though most of his life was devoted to education and philology. In 1784 he published Sketches of American Policy, the first strong plea for a national government for the people of the United States, and in 1802 an important treatise on Blockade and the Rights of Neutrals. Of the class of 1781, the youngest member, and the greatest, was Chancellor Kent. He was from the first a student of literature, and possessed to a remarkable degree the absorbent power. "It was the common remark of his companions," wrote one of his classmates, long afterwards, "that they could generally tell the author he last A year read by the style and matter of his next composition."* after graduation he wrote to this same classmate, both being then students of law, that this seemed to him "a field which is uninteresting and boundless," and the study of it "so encumbered with volumiaous rubbish and the baggage of folios that it requires uncommon assiduity and patience to manage so unwieldy a work." It was his good fortune to do more than any other man ever has done or ever can do to free American law from that reproach. An opportunity came to him which can never recur. At a day when American institutions were plastic and undeveloped, yet ripe for philosophic explanation and the confirming touch of some strong co-ordinating hand, that could both prune and graft the growing tree, Kent published his Commentaries on American Law. Retired from the bench at the age of sixty by an absurd provision of the then existing Constitution of New York, he became Professor of Law at Columbia College, and soon worked up his lectures into these four historic volumes. Kent was not merely a great lawyer. He was a scholar and a philosopher. For many years he had given to studies outside of law the larger portion of his time. "In the morning," to quote his own words, "till half past eight I read Latin; then Greek until ten. Then I gave myself up to law or business until the afternoon, and after two hours' attention to French, I concluded the rest of the day with some English author." His earliest publications were made in connection with his first acceptance of the chair of Law at Columbia, and consisted of three of his college lectures, styled Dissertations. It was the first American law book ever cited in an English law book. § But the American lawyers and students were not ready to receive it. Kent was met during his first year at Columbia by a class of seven, and during his second year by a class of but two. The third year opened, and there was not a single one who appeared. || The professorship was promptly resigned, to be resumed, as has been stated, later (in 1823), under more auspicious circumstances. His Commentaries have run through fourteen editions, and, as Charles Sumner wrote *Memoirs and Letters of Chancellor Kent, 10. † Memoirs and Letters of Chancellor Kent, 16. +Ibid, 27. §Ibid, 63. This English law book was Brown's Treatise on the Civil and Admiralty Law. Memoirs and Letters of Chancellor Kent, 77. him in 1836, "have now become the manual of the practitioner, as they have, since their first publication, been the institute of the student."* "This work," said Chief Justice Daggett, formerly a professor in the Yale Law School, "I cherish with more affection than any other except the Bible and Shakespeare."† At the close of the Revolution, a young soldier from the Continental army entered Yale, to whom, though want of money soon called him off to other pursuits, she gave the honorary degree of Master of Arts in 1787. This was Ephraim Kirby, the author of the first volume ever published of American Law Reports. It was printed at Litchfield in 1789. It is difficult for the modern lawyer to estimate the service thus rendered by Kirby to his profession. For want of any authoritative record of them, judicial precedents were then few and of little weight. Every court was a law unto itself. The judges often had little or no legal education. They made their rulings as jurymen give their verdicts, by the exercise of common sense. Judicial opinions in most of the States were not given in writing, and were never preserved. Not until 1798 was this practice changed in New York, and it was then due wholly to the influence and example of Kent. He also was the pioneer among American judges in the use of illustrations from the civil law. The politics of the time happily favored this. He has thus stated the way in which he was able to introduce it into the opinions of his State: "I made much use of the Corpus Juris, and as the judges (Livingston excepted) knew nothing of French or civil law, I had immense advantage over them. I could generally put my brethren to rout and carry my point by my mysterious wand of French and civil law. The judges were Republicans and very kindly disposed to everything that was French, and this enabled me, without exciting any alarm or jealousy, to make free use of such authorities and thereby enrich our commercial law." § For work like this of Kent, Kirby prepared the way. The American reporter has made the American judge. He holds every court of last resort up to its duty. He in effect prohibits the preparation of slovenly and ill-considered opinions. They may be poor, *Memoirs and Letters of Chancellor Kent, 203. +Ibid, 217. ‡Ibid, 114. §Memoirs and Letters of Chancellor Kent, 117. Cf. Ibid, 58. |