The writer's obligations to the works of Whately and of Mill, and to the text-books of Professors Hill, Genung and Hart, are too evident to need mention. Special acknowledgment is due to Messrs. Little, Brown & Company for permission to use entire the speech of Webster at the White murder trial and many passages from Webster's other speeches; to the gentlemen of the Clarendon Press for the use of Burke's Speech on Conciliation, edited by E. J. Payne, some passages from Burke's other works, and passages from Fowler's Inductive Logic; to Messrs. D. Appleton & Company and the English house of Macmillan & Company for permission to use material from the works of Huxley, Tyndall, Darwin and others; to Messrs. Harper & Brothers for passages from speeches in Goodrich's British Eloquence, and quotations from Professor Hill's Principles of Rhetoric; to Messrs. Macmillan & Company, Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons, Messrs. Eldridge & Brother, and Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Company, Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons, Messrs. Henry Holt & Company, for material upon which they have copyright; to Judge Donovan for passages from Modern Jury Trials; to Judge Robinson for quotations from Forensic Oratory, and to Judge Wharton for quotations from The Law of Evidence. Due credit is given for this and other material, wherever it is used. Argumentation defined; its relation to other forms of prose composition. Logical argument and rhetorical Need of plan or outline. Relation of plan to discussion. Order of arguments. Correlation and subordination. Group- 12-26 Proposition and proof. Need of proposition. Proper un- derstanding of proposition. Statement, definition and exposition; Webster, Huxley, Burke. Agreement as to what is taken for granted. Burden of proof and pre- Definition. Sources. One's own senses or consciousness. Fact and opinion; inferences. Testimony of witnesses; ground for believing; fact and opinion, or inference. Tests of witnesses. Kinds of witnesses or testimony; Experts; value, danger in trusting. Authority; persons, documents; value, danger of trusting too much, or of rejecting. Unwilling or reluctant testimony; forced; undesigned; hurtful admissions; silent or negative; Testimonial and circumstantial evidence. Strength of cir- Tests of evidence; consistency with itself, with ordinary experience, with other known facts; affected by char- On Basis of Force: Probable or moral; illustrations. - Certain or demonstrative; illustrations - On Basis of Use: - Direct; definition and illustrations. 73-77 77-88 terms, ad hominem, ad populum, equivocation, - Inductive; definition, illustrations, kinds, method, - 88-107 107-123 147-172 Example; definition, illustrations, real, invented, analogical, a fortiori; varying force; when most useful; fallacies. Analogy; definitions, illustrations; compared with induction; argumentative and illus- trative; when most useful; laws; varying force; fallacies, false analogies, fanciful analogies Sign; definition, illustrations; compared with evi- dence, indication; false signs; varying force; causal connection; fallacies, no connection, no cause, wrong cause; combined with antecedent probabil- ity, opposed by same, or examples, accumulated signs, progressive tendency; value of all knowledge, 173-190 Importance of good arrangement in order of proposi- tion, direct proofs, and refutation. Unity, clearness and force depend upon arrangement; analogies 191-192 Order is affected by nature of proposition, by character When the proposition may be deferred; when it may be announced at beginning. Partition; rules for, illustrations. Exposition and statement as argu- 194-199 Natural sequence is, — antecedent probability, exam- ple, sign; reasons; illustrations; climax if possible; Refutation may come first or last, but better in the midst of constructive arguments; reasons; arrange- ment of arguments; waiving a point; fairness to opponent; effort in refuting; disproving facts, dis- 200-205 206-214 It presumes audience, oral delivery and desired action; Motives to which appeal is addressed; highest to be May be omitted in brief speeches, or clear, well ana- lyzed, and well articulated speeches. Elements en- tering are conviction or persuasion or both. May be a summary or recapitulation, impressing what has been said in long discourses, or discourses complex or abstruse. May be an application or appeal; length as well as character depends upon subject and previous discussion; examples. Its qualities in general, freshness, brevity, conciseness, direct- ness, clearness, simplicity, order, force; illustrations 255-271 |