TABLE 29 VALUE OF SUGAR EXPORTED FROM CUBA TO THE UNITED STATES, UNITED KINGDOM AND OTHER COUNTRIES, 1902 TO 1951 NOTE: The distribution of exports of refined sugar between the United States, United Kingdom and other countries is incomplete for some years. 1 Less than 500 dollars. cent to other countries. About one-half the Cuban sugar shipped to the United Kingdom and other countries in this period was paid for with funds supplied by the United States. The value of Cuban sugar exports to the United States, United Kingdom and other countries from 1902 through 1951 is shown in Table 29. Sugar exports from Cuba in 1951 totaled approximately 6,000,000 tons, of which 48 per cent went to the United States, 16 per cent to the United Kingdom and 36 per cent to other countries. MILLION DOLLARS United States Investments in Cuba-The people of the United States had larger direct investments in Cuba at the outbreak of World War II than in any other country of the world except Canada. In 1940, the last year for which comparative information is available, this country's direct investments in Cuba amounted to about $560,000,000, according to figures of the United States Department of Commerce, shown in Chart XXVI. This constituted about 8 per cent of total United States direct investments in foreign countries. United States direct investments in Canada in 1940 amounted to $2,099,000,000, in the United Kingdom to $541,000,000, and in all of Asia, including the Philippines, to only $422,000,000. About $241,000,000, or nearly one-half the total United States direct investments in Cuba in 1940, represented agricultural enterprises, mostly sugar. Investments in public utilities and transportation amounted to $233,000,000; in manufacturing enterprises, $27,000,000; in distribution of products, $12,000,000; in petroleum, $10,000,000; and in mining and smelting $7,000,000. Total United States direct investments in agriculture. in foreign countries in 1940 amounted to $432,000,000, of which more than one-half was in Cuba. Most of these are either directly or indirectly dependent upon the sugar industry. Most of the United States investments in Cuba were made when prices were much lower than they are today, so that present replacement costs. would greatly exceed the figures given. CHART XXVI UNITED STATES INVESTMENTS IN CUBA COMPARED WITH THOSE IN OTHER COUNTRIES Latest figures available from the United States Department of Commerce show United States direct investments in Cuba in 1940 amounted to $560,000,000 or 8 per cent of total direct investments outside the United States. Canada, with $2,099,000,000, was the only country with larger United States direct investments than Cuba. GLOSSARY Activated Vegetable Carbon: A filter material made from any of a number of vegetable products such as rice hulls, sawdust, bagasse, etc., which is sometimes used in place of boneblack in refining raw cane sugar. These carbons are activated by any one of numerous processes so that their decolorizing power is greatly increased. The activated carbon is frequently discarded after its first use instead of being revivified or regenerated. Bagasse: The crushed fiber of sugarcane remaining after practically all of the sugar has been extracted. Most bagasse is used as fuel to produce heat and power for the operation of the sugar mill where the sugarcane is processed, but some is manufactured into wallboard, plastics or other products. Beet Molasses: A by-product of the manufacture of beet sugar from sugar beets. It is used for livestock feed, and in the manufacture of certain chemicals. Beet Pulp: Fiber and water left after extracting the sucrose from sugar beets. It is commonly used for livestock feed. Beet Sugar: The principal product of factories processing sugar beets. It customarily sells at a slight discount compared with cane sugar. The sucrose in beet sugar is chemically identical with that in cane sugar. Blackstrap Molasses: A by-product of the manufacture of raw or turbinado sugar from sugarcane, or of the refining of raw sugar; obtained when all of the commercially recoverable sugar has been removed. It is a heavy, viscous liquid containing about 52 per cent total sugar (sucrose and invert), which is used mainly for livestock feed and to a lesser extent in the manufacture of industrial alcohol and other chemical products. Boneblack or Char: A filter material made from animal bones which is used in most cane sugar refineries in the United States and other countries to remove the last portions of color and nonsugar solids from dissolved raw sugar before recrystallizing the sucrose as refined sugar. After being used until its filtering power is impaired, boneblack is commonly revivified by heating to a high temperature in an air-tight chamber, after which it is reused. Brix: A measure of the density of a solution containing sucrose. The degrees Brix is the percentage of the total solids (sugar and other solids) dissolved in the solution, and is determined by the use of a hydrometer having a special scale devised by Balling and afterwards recalculated and checked by Brix. Cane Sirup: Concentrated can juice from which no sugar has been extracted. Carbonation: A process of clarification using carbonic acid and lime, sometimes employed in mills processing sugarcane which make a directconsumption sugar containing more nonsugar solids than refined cane sugar but fewer than raw sugar. The process is also commonly used in beet sugar factories and in some countries in refineries processing raw cane sugar. Central: A Spanish term applied to a sugar mill in Cuba and other Spanish speaking countries. It signifies the enterprise, rather than just the mill building itself. Centrifugal: A machine used in mills processing sugarcane, in cane sugar refineries, and in sugar beet factories to separate the sugar crystals from the molasses. Some countries, such as India, produce considerable quantities of low grade sugar without the use of centrifugals. Centrifugal Sugar: A term applied to any sugar produced by the centrifugal process. Practically all sugar used in the United States is centrifugal sugar. Clarification or Defecation: A process, using mainly lime and heat, by which most of the nonsugar solids present in cane juice are removed during the manufacture of raw sugar. Colono: A Spanish term meaning a grower of sugarcane in Cuba and other Spanish speaking countries. Sugar mills either purchase cane from colonos or grow it themselves. Decolorization with Chlorine: A process of removing color and nonsucrose solids from dissolved raw cane sugar with the aid of SucroBlanc, a high-grade calcium hypochlorite. Its use in cane sugar refineries in place of filtration with boneblack or activated vegetable carbon has been increasing in recent years. Dextrose: Also called glucose or grape sugar. One of the products formed when sucrose is inverted. It is also present in various plants and may be manufactured from starch. Most commercial dextrose, made from the starch in corn, is commonly known as corn sugar. It contains about 12.5 per cent fewer calories per pound and has about two-thirds the sweetening power of sucrose. Direct-Consumption Sugar: Any sugar which is used without being further refined or improved in quality. Most direct-consumption sugar is refined cane or beet sugar. Edible Molasses: A by-product of the manufacture of raw or turbinado sugar from sugarcane, or of the refining of raw sugar; obtained when only part of the commercially recoverable sugar is removed from the cane juice. It is highly variable in composition, but contains more sugar than blackstrap molasses. Glucose: Various sugar sirups containing dextrose or invert sugar are commonly referred to as glucose in the sugar trade. Chemists recognize two kinds of glucose, D-glucose and L-glucose. D-glucose and dextrose are the same thing. L-glucose is of no commercial importance. Granulated Sugar: The principal type of refined sugar produced by cane sugar refineries and beet sugar factories. Each grain or crystal is separate from the others and the sugar is dried so that it will flow freely. Various terms such as standard granulated and fine granulated are used to indicate sugar having a particular size of crystal. Invert or High-Test Molasses: A highly concentrated, generally inedible cane sirup with part of the sucrose converted into equal parts of dextrose and levulose to inhibit crystallization; used chiefly in the manufacture of industrial alcohol. Invert Sugar: A combination of equal parts of dextrose and levulose formed from sucrose and water by the action of acids or certain other chemicals. It occurs in varying amounts in molasses, most cane sirups and liquid sugars, and has sweetening power about equal to that of sucrose. Ion Exchange: A method of removing nonsugar solids from sugar solutions or juices by chemical adsorbents. In this process one molecule of water is substituted by chemical action for each molecule of the substances removed from the sugar solution. The process is still in an experimental stage, but has been tried in raw sugar mills, cane sugar refineries and beet sugar factories. Levulose: One of the products formed when sucrose is inverted, also known as fructose or fruit sugar. Widely distributed in numerous plants, it has somewhat greater sweetening power than sucrose. Liquid Sugar: A solution of sugar, usually refined, in water. Frequently the sucrose is partially inverted to inhibit crystallization and meet the particular needs of buyers. Nearly all liquid sugar is sold to industrial users. Mud or Filter Press Cake: The residue left after filtering the impurities removed from the cane juice by clarification. |