APPENDIX H-President's Proclamation Carrying Out Exclu- sive Trade Agreement with Cuba of October 147 148 APPENDIX J-Reciprocal Trade Agreement Between the APPENDIX K-Reciprocal Trade Agreement Between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba and Protocol, August 24, 1934 as Amended December 18, 1939 and December 23, APPENDIX M- International Agreement Regarding the Regu- lation of Production and Marketing of Sugar (London, May 6, 1937) (Excerpts) APPENDIX N-Letter from Director of the Sugar Branch, United States Department of Agriculture, to the President of the Cuban Sugar Stabilization APPENDIX O-Cortina-Messersmith Letters, 1941 APPENDIX P- Hawley-Rionda Letters, 1919 - APPENDIX R-Chronology of Principal United States Govern- ment Sugar Controls During World War II 1. Production of Sugar, Centrifugal and Non-Centrifugal, Short 2. Production of Centifrugal Sugar, Short Tons, Raw Value, in 3. Production of Non-Centrifugal Sugar, Short Tons, in Speci- 4. Sugar Consumption in Selected Countries, 1948 5. Net Exports and Net Imports of Centrifugal Sugar by Princi- pal Trading Countries, Average 1935-1939 and 1951 - 8. United States Imports of Sugar in Short Tons from Cuba, the Philippines and Other Countries, All Types Combined, 44-45 10. Estimated Utilization of Sugar by Major Industrial Groups and by Households and Institutions, Selected Years, 1929- 11. Principal Industries Using Sugar in the United States in 1947 12. Deliveries of Sugar by States, 1951 13. United States Tariffs on Sugar Since 1883 14. Tariff Treatment of Sugar from United States Offshore Areas 15. Chronology of Estimated Sugar Consumption Requirements for Continental United States, Made by the Secretary of Agriculture Under the Sugar Acts of 1934, 1937 and 1948 16. Sources of United States Sugar Supply Compared with Quotas Under Current Legislation 17. Average Price of Raw Sugar, Cost and Freight New York; Average Import Duty Paid on Raw Sugar from Cuba and Average Duty-Paid Price New York, 1900-1951 - 18. Average Price of Raw Sugar in Public Warehouses in Cuba, 19. Average Price and Payments Per Ton Received by Farmers in Continental United States Under Federal Sugar Programs, 1933-1951 20. United States Government Payments to Producers of Sugar- 24. Value of Visible Cuban Imports from and Exports to the United States and All Countries, 1902-1951 - 25. Value of Merchandise Exports from the United States to 28. Quantity of Sugar Exported from Cuba to the United States, United Kingdom and Other Countries, 1902-1951 I-Location of World's Sugar Producing Areas - III-Changes in 1952 World Production of Sugar from IV-Production of Centrifugal Sugar in Leading Countries, V-Retail Prices and Per Capita Consumption of Sugar in VI-International Trade in Sugar VII-Location of Sugar Supply for the United States, 1951 - . IX-Sources of Supply of Sugar for the United States When X-Retail Cost Per 1,000 Calories and Calorie Content of XI-Sugar Consumption, Total and Per Capita, and Popula- XII-Sugar Consumption in the United States by Major XIII-Principal Quota Provisions of the United States Sugar XV-Large Increased Deliveries of Cuban Sugar Necessary PAGE 28 30 34 335 42 46 49 XVIII-Prices of Cuban Raw Sugar for Shipment to the United XXI-Relation Between Sugar Consumption and National XXIII-Location of Sugarcane Acreage in Cuba XXIV-Origin of Cuba's Purchases, Benefiting Every Section of the United States XXV-United States Sales to Cuba and Purchases of Cuban 110 XXVI-United States Investments in Cuba Compared with 117 Photographs on pages 12, 13, 14, 15 and 47 by Arnold Eagle. Chapter One How and Where Sugar Is Produced S UGAR is one of the most important basic foods throughout the world. A pure carbohydrate, it is one of the best and cheapest sources of energy. Yet few people outside the industry know how sugar is produced, where the United States gets its supply and why it sometimes is scarce, what factors affect its price or why it is important in world trade. In common usage in the United States, sugar, without qualifying terms, means refined cane or beet sugar, the form in which most of it reaches the housewife. The chemical name for sugar is sucrose. The chief sugar-growing regions are shown on the map in Chart I. As this indicates, sugar is produced most extensively in tropical regions. About two-thirds of the world's supply of sugar is normally obtained from sugarcane and one-third from sugar beets. Production of Sugarcane-Sugarcane is a large perennial plant, containing a relatively high proportion of sugar, which grows in tropical and semitropical climates. It is customarily planted by placing pieces of stalk from growing cane horizontally in a shallow furrow and covering them with soil. The first crop, known as plant cane, is ordinarily harvested about 18 months after planting. In most areas several succeeding crops, called ratoons, are obtained from a single planting before it is necessary to plow up the cane roots and replant. After the first crop, sugarcane is normally harvested every 12 months, although in some areas, notably Hawaii, at longer intervals. Sugarcane is harvested by cutting the stalks near the surface of the ground and removing the tops which contain little sucrose, and the leaves which contain none. In most areas these operations are performed manually; in others mechanical harvesters are used. Mechanical harvesters, however, do not prepare the cane for milling as well as it is done by hand. The harvested cane is transported to a sugar mill where it is processed into raw sugar and other products, usually within two or three days. About 12 to 15 per cent of the weight of sugarcane is sugar. All of the sugar in the cane is in the juice, which accounts for about 85 to 90 per cent of the weight of sugarcane, the rest being mainly fiber. |