who has made an equal sacrifice of his political prospects. Perhaps an even more striking figure, when all the facts are known, is that of Colonel Picquart. This brilliant young officer was chief of the military secret service at Paris, and in the course of investigations arising in the ordinary line of his duty he came upon evidence pointing to the innocence of Dreyfus and the guilt of Esterhazy. He made every effort to make these facts known to the proper authorities, and through his activity in following up the clues he found and in testifying to the facts which came to his knowledge has brought upon himself the loss of his rank in the army and destroyed his prospects of a brilliant future. When it is added that with Picquart military ambition is known to have been in an unusual degree absorbing, that he had already won, for his age, exceptional distinction, and that, far from having a leaning favorable to Jews, he was strongly anti-Semitic in his prejudices, it will be seen that this man has shown no common merit and made no common sacrifice. Another army officer of high rank who has suffered through his allegiance to principle is Commandant Forzinetti, who had for years been in charge of the Cherche Midi prison and was in charge of it when Dreyfus was confined there. For his testimony in favor of Dreyfus he has been removed and retired from active service.

But it is especially among men of letters and men of learning that the movement for the reopening of the Dreyfus case has had its strength. And here, too, the participants in it have been called upon to make sacrifices. M. Grimaux, member of the Insti

tute the highest scientific honor in France-and for twenty-two years professor in the Ecole Polytechnique, was removed from his professorship as the punishment for his eloquent plea for justice as a witness in the Zola trial. In other cases no such gross and immediate penalty was exacted, but nevertheless, the whole University system being in France under the control of the Government, every professor who lifted up his voice knew that he was risking his career, and doubtless scores of them have felt the consequences in the cutting off of chances of advancement. Among the most distinguished of the scholars who made themselves heard in behalf of the right were M. Duclaux, the successor of Pasteur; M. Paul Meyer, director of the Ecole des Chartes; MM. Reville and Havet of the Collège de France, and M. Gide, the eminent political economist, of Montpellier. According to a letter of M. Guerlac of the Paris Siècle, in the New York Nation, almost all of the students and professors of the great Ecole Normale Supérieure entered into the movement for revision. That M. Brunetière, instead of joining this legion of honor, should have chosen the unworthy part of sneering at the agitation of "the intellectuals" will have been heard with special regret by Baltimoreans who admired his lectures here last year.

The names we have given afford but a very imperfect idea of the roll of honor. A striking case is that of one of the foremost of French writers. Anatole France, "the gentle philosopher, the exquisite ironist and rare writer," to quote from M. Guerlac's letter, who, though "a stranger to all per

I M. Jaures, the Socialist leader, long known reatest orator in his party, and one of the in France; he planted himself firmly on the of the right of the citizen to a fair trial, ce of the almost unanimous opposition of his with the result of losing his seat in the - of Deputies at the next election.

preciate all this, we must remember that the about which the controversy raged was not on of general public policy, but a question gle individual act of injustice. That that has not been redressed, in spite of the forts made to bring about that result, will ain a blot on the history of France; but that an effort should have been made, and such s incurred, in such a cause will as surely be as a testimony to the high qualities existne nation. It must not be forgotten that, men who have given themselves with such this cause been less singleminded in their to principle, the world would have heard re than an occasional murmur concerning fus case. In the showing that has been the depth and strength of such devotion in minds and hearts of France, and in the which has been given to their appeal, must

justice as well as of legislation. story should serve, in other coun to teach anew the lesson that the which should be guarded with g cherished with more unremitting the freedom of opinion and fr That it is especially the men of who have been in this critical ti exponents of freedom of opinion of pride and gratification to t higher learning throughout the

THOMAS F. BAYARD

(September 29, 1898)

In contemplating the loss which America has suffered in the death of the eminent statesman whose career came to a close yesterday, the thought that comes uppermost to every one, without distinction of party or opinion, is that of the pre-eminent nobility of his public life. Not in the palmiest days of the country's history can a record be found of more steady, unfaltering and uncalculating devotion to high principles than that which marked the career of Mr. Bayard from his early days to the very close of his public labors. Not a recluse or a theorist, but a most active and strenuous participant in the great struggles of national life, he yet preserved throughout his life a completeness of personal independence and a consistency in the support of his profound convictions which we are apt to regard as impossible among those who go down into the arena of practical politics. The little State which he represented so long in the United States Senate derived lustre from the eminence of his ability and the acknowledged loftiness of his character; and in spite of the woful lapses Delaware has since made in connection with her representation in that body, it may be said to her credit that there never was any doubt of Mr. Bayard's continuous retention of his seat as long as he might choose to remain. What is more significant, however, of the recognition which high qualities command, and of the error of those who think that