creased the safety of the operatives and those connected with the mechanical industries of the province. The fishing industry has, during the year, been unusually prosperous. The work inaugurated last year of restocking the inland lakes and rivers will be continued during the approaching season.” After passing important measures dealing with the liquor question and increasing the representation in the Assembly of new districts in the northern part of the province, the Legislature was prorogued on March 17. The royal assent was given to 116 bills, including the following: Respecting mortmain and the disposition of land for charitable uses. To amend the manhood-suffrage registration act. To amend the Ontario election act. To authorize the construction of the Temiscamingue and Northern Ontario Railway. The agricultural and arts amendment act. To approve and confirm an agreement between the Commissioners for the Queen Victoria, Niagara Falls Park Company and the Canadian Niagara Power Company. Respecting the imperial statutes relating to property and civil rights incorporated into the statute law of Ontario. Respecting expert witnesses. Further to amend the mechanics' and wageearners' lien act. To amend the act respecting councils of conciliation and of arbitration for settling industrial disputes. To amend the marriage act. To amend the joint-stock companies winding up act. Respecting the sale of intoxicating liquors. To amend the San José scale act. To amend the act respecting the barberry shrub. 66 To amend the Ontario game protection act. To amend the separate schools act. The General Elections. After months of preliminary conflict and preparation on both sides, the elections for the Ontario Legislature took place on May 29, 1902. The campaign was opened at Newmarket by Premier Ross on April 4 in a most elaborate speech. How many of the 2,000,000 people in Ontario," he asked, "had any substantial grievance against the Government? They had settled 150,000 people in New Ontario. Had any of them a grievance? They had spent $10,000,000 for the development of our railway system, and were doing in New Ontario what had been done in older Ontario many years before, where they had assisted 38 railways, 2,219 miles in length. They had kept pace with the wants of the country in regard to public buildings, on which they had spent $23,563,000 in the past thirty years. They had cared for the insane, the deaf and dumb, and the blind, and the expenditure in Ontario for charitable purposes was greater per head than in Great Britain or in any State of the Union. They had kept step with the progressive tendencies of the age in education, and with the agricultural wants of the people." He elaborated the details of useful legislation during the past three decades, and declared that the Conservative Opposition had opposed them all. Mr. J. P. Whitney, the Opposition and Conservative leader, had been equally active. His policy was announced as including measures of law reform in the interest of the poorer litigant and in favor of one final and conclusive provincial appeal; the development of New Ontario and a railway into the Temiscamingue country; grants to railways only for development or colonization, and subject to Government control of freight and passenger rates; encouragement to the refining of minerals within the province; disposition of timber areas in pulp-wood lands under competitive tender; increased grants for agricultural purposes, and especially for agricultural schools; cooperation with the Dominion Government in promoting facilities for food transportation; educational reform in the direction of improving the curriculum and character of public schools; condensation and revision of municipal laws; elimination of alleged corruption and fraud from election procedure. The following was the Government or Liberal policy as announced and summarized by its supporters: 1. Early settlement of the unoccupied lands of the province by colonization and by the projection of the railways into New Ontario. 2. Manufacture within the province, and so far as practical by Canadian labor, of the products of our forest and the smelting and refining of mineral products. 3. Increase of agricultural wealth by improved methods of husbandry, cold storage, and the production of beet-root sugar, and by reclaiming undrained lands. 4. Extension of trade with Great Britain in all natural products, but especially in cattle, horses, and dressed meats. 5. Disposal of forest wealth with a view to its perpetuation by reforestry, timber reserves, and parks. 6. Improvement of transportation by better construction of highways and removal of tolls. 7. Regulation of rates for passengers and freight on all railways subsidized by the province, and ultimate control of such railways at the option of the Legislature. 8. Application of public revenues for development of the province and relief of the taxpayers. 9. Revision from time to time of the laws governing the municipal and political institutions of the province and the improvement and enforcement of all laws affecting public morality. 10. Maintenance of the independence of the Legislative Assembly as the guardian of the constitutional rights of the province. 11. Application of sound principles of education to the course of instruction in all our schools and colleges. There was no actual dissolution of the Legislature, which expired on March 29. The writs for a new election were then issued; the nominations were held on May 22, and one candidate (a Conservative) was elected by acclamation; and on May 29 the contest closed with results in some doubt. As finally accepted on May 31, the result was as follows: 98 seats in all, of which the Liberal Government had carried 50 and the Conservative Opposition 47, with one in doubt. Some changes took place in the courts, and on July 2 the Government had a majority of one. At the end of the year the majority stood at two or three, with several by-elections pending. According to figures compiled from the majorities in the constituencies, Mr. Whitney had a popular majority of the votes polled. The Prohibition Referendum.-Aside from the general elections, the chief public event of the year in Ontario was the referendum. Varied resolutions were passed by temperance organizations and submitted to the Government. Jan. 24 more than 1,000 men interested in the On liquor traffic visited the Parliament buildings and presented a vigorous protest to the Premier against the impending legislation referring the question of provincial prohibition to a vote of the people. James Haverson made the following statement in behalf of the delegation: "There was invested in the distilleries and breweries of the Dominion $15,500,000; in the real estate of the retailers, $38,000,000; in the stock and fixtures, $21,000,000; making $74,500,000 directly invested in the business. There was paid by the distillers and brewers to the farmers annually $2,382,000, and to the transportation companies $450,000; wages, $1,200,000; other outgoings, $1,012,000. The retailers paid $10,500,000 in wages. There was an outgoing by the trade of nearly $15,500,000 annually. There was in bond in the Dominion 14,000,000 gallons of spirits, which, with the duty upon them, represented $26,500,000 alone. The province of Ontario last year derived in revenue from the liquor trade $629,000, of which $250,000 was paid to the municipalities. All the distilleries of the country were in this province, and the largest number of the breweries. The retail trade of Ontario was more than half that of the rest of the provinces put together. Not only the liquor trade would be affected, but the banks, the loan companies, and the financial institutions." The Premier gave a simple promise of consideration. On Feb. 12 Mr. Ross presented his measure to the Legislature in an elaborate speech. was The majority for the measure at its second reading on March 6 was 13. Very few amendments were accepted, though the date changed to Dec. 4, and the voting requirements were adapted to the general election of 1898, instead of that of 1902. The bill finally passed the House on March 15 with the same majority as above. Meanwhile, on Feb. 26, F. S. Spence presented to a Convention of the Dominion Alliance for the Prohibition of the Liquor Traffic resolutions from its executive declaring the conditions attached to the referendum to be "difficult, unjust, and unreasonable." On March 26 the same committee issued a manifesto urging popular work and support for prohibition. The day previous to the election the papers published a document signed by a large number of business and professional men protesting against the measure as unwise and impracticable. The first returns on Dec. 5 indicated that a sufficient vote had not been obtained, as 213,507 were necessary to make the measure law. But as the incomplete returns came in the vote was shown to be much larger than expected, until on Dec. 27 95,992 votes in favor of prohibition were received. The total vote cast was 301,268. Finances. The Premier and Provincial Treas urer of Ontario delivered his third annual budget speech in the Legislature on Jan. 22, 1902. He took great credit to the Government for their saw-log legislation of 1890, by which the export of logs to United States mills for manufacture had been stopped, and he pointed out the benefits of their policy of setting apart forest reserves to the extent of about 2,500,000 acres. He said that since confederation in 1867 they had received $3,814,588 interest on investments; that the Government had encouraged the railways of the province by adding 2.219 miles since 1871, at a total cost of $10,058,942; that during the same period $3,492,410 had been spent upon colonization roads, $4,407,546 upon asylums, $1,307,880 upon penal institutions, $1,399,542 upon educational institutions, $541,565 upon agricultural institutions, and $1,502,682 upon the new Parlia ment buildings. With some minor sums, these items made a total of $9,986,026 which had been spent upon public institutions and special interests. Turning to the actual receipts for the past year, the Treasurer said that they had exceeded the estimates by $640,511. They were given as: Balance in banks, Jan. 1, 1901, $1,033,546; subsidy from Dominion, $1,116,872; specific Dominion grant, $80,000; interest due by Dominion Government, $142,414; interest on investments, $46,760; Crown Lands Department, including woods and forests, $1,634,724; Algoma taxes, $2,361; law stamps, $55,747; licenses, $76,372; Education Department, $57,379; secretary's department, $88,157; Fisheries Department, $35,887; supplementary revenue act, $237,506; succession duties, $366,581; public institutions, $97,735; casual revenues, $92,655; miscellaneous, $42,621; total, $5,507,317. The expenditures included $281,135 upon civil government; $134,138 upon legislation; $416,042 upon administration of justice; $782,193 upon education; $833,163 upon public institutions' maintenance; $4,825 upon immigration; $209,858 upon agriculture; $192,280 upon hospitals and charities; $91,681 upon repairs and maintenance; $194,607 upon public buildings; $60,847 upon public works; $138,801 upon colonization roads; $179,008 upon charges of Crown lands; $24,314 upon refunds; $254,738 upon miscellaneous; $7,097 upon drainage debentures purchased; $96,209 upon railway aid certificates; $102,900 upon annuity; $25,281 upon the University of Toronto; $9,706 upon common-school lands; a total of $4,038,834. This, with a bank balance of $1,468,492 on Dec. 31, 1901, made up the total of $5,507,327. The estimated revenue for 1902 (excluding bank balances) was $4,075,872, and the estimated expenditures $4,004,228. The indebtedness of the province for annuities was $2,908,150, and on railway aid certificates $2,961,890. The Opposition, by adding to these latter figures various railway subsidies and other obligations said to exist, made out a total debt of $12,769,000, and by other sums added to the year's expenses estimated a deficit in the current accounts of $310,000. Fisheries. According to the latest published figures of the Dominion Department of Fisheries, the value of the capital invested in the lake fishing trade of Ontario was $789,042 in 1900, and the men employed 2,502. Of the fish caught, and valued at $1,330,293, trout figured at a valuation of $531,854, whitefish $216,054, herring $163,560, pickerel $130,280, sturgeon $52,577, caviare $45,380, and pike $51,433. The report of F. R. Latchford for 1901 was dated Feb. 28, 1902, and said that licenses to fish with 2,410,627 fathoms of gill net and various other methods had been issued; that employment during the year was given to 2.802 men, 101 tugs, and 1,299 boats; that a capital estimated at $749,071 was invested in the industry; that the aggregate catch was 27,428,375 pounds, and its estimated value $1,428.078. Crime and Lunacy.-The report of the Inspector of Prisons, etc., was presented to the Legislature on Feb. 15, 1902. He described some of the country jails as being in a bad condition, unsafe and unsanitary. Officials were excessive in numbers at some places, and deficient at others. The number of committals in 1901 was 8,546, or fewer than in the previous year. There were 7,314 male prisoners, and 1.232 females. Two-thirds of these were intemperate, and onethird could not read or write. There were 41 deaths in the year, and 10 escapes, of whom 6 were recaptured. As to lunatic asylums, the report of the inspector showed that on Sept. 30, 1901, there were 4,604 patients in the asylums of the province, compared with 3,318 in 1890. The question of the relative increase of insanity, compared with the population, the inspector declared to be very perplexing. While the provincial population had increased 56 per cent. in forty years, the number of insane and idiotic persons known had increased from 1,631 to 5,880, or 260 per cent. Assessment Commission.-On Feb. 13, 1902, the commissioners appointed in the preceding year to investigate the condition and laws regarding assessments and municipal taxation in Ontario, made their final report. They went into the whole subject with some elaboration, and concluded that "in Ontario, as everywhere else, the direct taxation of personal property generally fails to reach the new kinds of property or wealth which modern civilization has produced." The existing taxes should be abolished, and the only feasible substitutes were thought to be (1) an improved and more general tax, and (2) a tax on the occupiers of land, based on its rental value. Single tax was not only too radical, but it was impossible as well as unprecedented. Various recommendations were made, and a bill was submitted for the Government to utilize, but nothing was done in the matter. Forestry and Pulp-Wood. The annual report on forestry in Ontario was published under date of Jan. 24, 1902. Statistics were given of the acreage in each county. The total showed 365,127 acres of woodland, compared with 425,781 in 1896. The experience and legislation of the United States in regard to reforestation were then described, and further action in Ontario was urged. The question of pulp-wood concessions in the forests of northern Ontario was a prominent political question. The Government asserted that these grants of territory, or rather of certain rights and privileges on the territory, were given under safe conditions and solely for purposes of development. The Opposition asserted that they were really grants of public property to enrich friends of the Government at the expense of the people. The area of the seven concessions was 15,660 square miles. Mines. Steady progress was shown in the development of the mining interests of Ontario in 1901-'02. On March 4 of the latter year the official report of the Bureau of Mines, prepared by Thomas W. Gibson, director, was submitted, and it was made public in August. The total production of the four years preceding Jan. 1, 1902, was as follows: 1898, $7,235,877; 1899, $8,416,673; 1900, $9,298,624; 1901, $11,831,086. In 1901, therefore, the total production showed an increase of $4,595,209 in value over that of 1898, while the metallic products increased by $3,327.732. Of this latter output in 1901, copper contributed 11 per cent., nickel 37, and pig-iron 33 per cent. Gold, silver, iron ore, and steel were small in comparison. The number of such concerns incorporated in 1901 was 47, with a nominal capital of $27,716,000, while 13 companies of foreign origin took out licenses to sell stock and hold real estate in the province, with a nominal capital of $12,250,000. Mr. Gibson made the following comment: "It is a somewhat remarkable fact that metalliferous mining in this province is almost wholly carried on by companies whose share capital is in the hands of people living in Great Britain or the United States. In nickel and copper this is true without exception; in gold it is all but true, and so also in iron." The lead in progress was taken by the copper nickel industry. The yield of nickel ore for the year amounted to 8,882,000 pounds, or 4,441 tons, valued in the matte at $1,859,970. This was an increase in quantity of 25 per cent., and in value of 145 per cent. compared with 1900. The copper contents of the matte were 4,197 tons, valued at $589,080, compared with 3,364 tons, worth $319,681, in 1901. The iron industry occupied the second place in importance, and the progress was very marked. This was principally owing to the extensive development of the Helen Mine in Michipicoten, from which most of the ore now raised is taken. In 1901 the amount of ore produced was 273,532 tons, worth $174,428, which was more than three times the quantity mined in 1900. The output of pig-iron was largely augmented both in value and quantity. In 1900 62,385 tons were got out, valued at $936,066, while in 1901 the output was 116,370 tons, of the value of $1,701,703. There was a continuous decrease in the gold product. Only 9 mines were producing gold, against 18 the previous year. Their output was 14,293 ounces, worth $244,443. The silver-mines yielded 151,400 ounces, valued at $82,830, against 160,162, valued at $96,367, the year previous. The only zinc-mine in operation yielded $15,000 worth of ore, or 1,500 tons. Petroleum products showed a decline, the yield of 1901 having a value of $1,467,940. Agriculture. The creameries in Ontario at the end of 1901 numbered 286, with a production of butter valued at $1,798,264, against 308 and a production of $1,819,290 in 1900. The average wages of farm-laborers, according to the annual report of the Bureau of Industries for 1901, was $165 a year, with board, in yearly engagements, and $263 a year without board. By the month wages were $17.78 in the working season with board, and $27.05 without. Domestic servants averaged $6.90 a month. The areas of assessed land in the province in 1901 was 23,636,178 acres, of which 13,436,482 were cleared, 6,715,872 were woodland, and 3,483,824 acres were swamp, marsh, or waste land. The crops for 1902 were as follow Fall wheat, 20,033,669 bushels, yield per acre 26.8; spring wheat, 6,048,024 bushels, per acre 20; barley, 21,890,602 bushels, per acre 33.1; oats, 106,431,439 bushels, per acre 42.6; peas, 7,664,679 bushels, per acre 14.4; beans, 670,633 bushels, per acre 12.4; rye, 3,509,332 bushels, per acre 18.5; buckwheat, 1,911,683 bushels, per acre 20.5; potatoes, 12,942,502 bushels, per acre 89; carrots, 3.277,161 bushels, per acre 374; mangelwurzels, 39,140,924 bushels, per acre 511; turnips, 71,740,204 bushels, per acre 525; corn for husking (in the ear), 20,512,194 bushels, per acre 55.1; hay and clover, 4,955,438 tons, per acre 1.87. were 2,777,983 acres of pasture land in the province in 1901; 346,915 acres of orchard and garden, 12,227 acres of vineyard, and 677,935 appletrees of fifteen years and over, producing 14,430,650 bushels of apples. The cattle on July 1 numbered 2,507,620, and were worth $59,527,119. Those sold or slaughtered in the year numbered 610,880, valued at $20,286,936. The sheep numbered 1,761,799, worth $7,772,793. Those sold or slaughtered in the year numbered 729,148, worth $3,103,513. The hogs numbered 1,491,885, and were valued at $9,298,712. Those sold or slaughtered in the year numbered 1,973,405, valued at $17,548,490. The poultry numbered 9,745.236, valued at $2,859,172. Those sold or killed in the year were valued at $1,305,555. The value of the wool-clip was $781,769, and the product of bees in the province was worth $1,111,099. OREGON. (See under UNITED STATES.) There PACIFIC CABLE. One of the most notable events of 1902 was the laying of the Pacific cable and the opening of telegraphic communication with Honolulu, Hawaii. Honolulu is about the same distance from San Francisco that New York is from Liverpool, and this cable forms an important link in the great transpacific cable, which, when completed, as expected by July 4, 1903, will encircle the earth. For more than twenty years the necessity of a Pacific cable has been urged, but not until after the late war with Spain was the subject taken in hand in a definite manner. After the acquirement of the Philippine Islands and the annexation of Hawaii, it became a matter of national importance, and the late President McKinley sent a special message to Congress on Feb. 10, 1899, urging the necessity for a transpacific cable. The late John W. Mackay recognized the growing importance of American trade opportunities in the Orient, and this was the prime consideration that induced the Commercial Cable Company, of which he was president, to undertake the laying of a cable across the world's broadest ocean. A contract was awarded to the India-Rubber, Gutta-Percha and Telegraph Works Company (Ltd.), of Silvertown, near London, England, for the construction and laying of the section of cable from San Francisco to Honolulu. A second contract was then awarded to the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company of Greenwich, England, for constructing and laying a submarine cable from Honolulu to Manila, Philippine Islands, via Midway and Guam islands, where repeating stations are to be located. The cable steamship Silvertown laid the section from San Francisco to Honolulu, and the cable steamers Anglia and Colonia will lay the section from Honolulu to Manila. The Silvertown arrived at San Francisco on Dec. 4, 1902, seventyfive days from London, via Cape Horn. The shore end of the cable was laid on Dec. 10, and on Sunday, Dec. 14, the easterly end of the great cable was spliced to the shore end at a point on the ocean beach about half a mile south from the Cliff House. The ceremony attending the landing and splicing was witnessed by 50,000 persons. Miss Lucille Gage, the ten-year-old daughter of the Governor of California, broke the bottle of wine and christened the great wire rope "Pacific Cable." The steamer sailed at noon of the 14th for the islands, paying out the cable en route and keeping up daily communication with the San Francisco office until Friday morning, Dec. 26. Nothing further was heard until 11.15 P. M. Jan. 1, 1903, when connection with Honolulu was complete and the first message came through. It was one of congratulation from the people of Honolulu to President Roosevelt. This section of cable is 2,276 nautical miles in length, and the greatest depth of water reached is 3.175 fathoms, where the pressure is equal to four tons to the square inch. The cable averages one and one-eighth inch in diameter and is composed of one main conducting copper wire 0.098 of an inch in diameter, with ten copper wires each 0.0415 of an inch in diameter wound around it, weighing 500 pounds to each nautical mile. The dialectic or insulating covering is three coats of gutta-percha 0.432 of an inch thick, weighing 315 pounds to each nautical mile. For three or four miles out from each landing-place the cable is closely wound with brass tape as a protection P against the teredo, a small boring worm which is very destructive. PACIFIC OCEAN COMMERCE. The opening of new fields of trade in the Orient and in the numerous islands of the Pacific Ocean in the past few years, and the rapidly increasing wants of the millions of people in these distant lands, are attracting the attention of all the nations to a greater extent than ever. Since the close of the war with Spain the United States has taken a foremost position as a world power, and by reason of geographical place and the shipping facilities at Pacific coast ports, is in a better position to supply both food products and manufactured commodities in these new fields of commerce than any other nation. At present the imports of Asia and Oceania aggregate $1,200,000,000 a year, of which the United States supplies a little less than 10 per cent., but its share is steadily growing. The fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, is a fair index of the growth of this trade, and both exports and imports show an increase. To Japan the exports from the United States were $2,000,000 greater than in the previous year, and to China there was an increase of $14,000,000. The increase in imports from Asia and Oceania was $15,000,000. In 1902 the most satisfactory showing in American commerce was made in the export trade to Asia and Oceania. The commercial advantage of the United States lies through the Pacific coast ports-San Francisco, San Diego, Portland, Seattle, and Tacoma. Facts and figures show this advantage plainly. The distance from London to Shanghai is 10,500 miles via the Suez Canal, while from San Francisco to Shanghai it is only 5,840 miles, and a trifle less from Puget Sound ports. It is 2,276 miles from San Francisco to Honolulu, and 6,855 miles from San Francisco to the Philippine Islands via Honolulu and Guam. Merchandise from New York can be laid down in Shanghai, China, in a shorter time, via the overland route to San Francisco, than from Liverpool or Hamburg. Considered in every way, the United States is favored by natural conditions in Asiatic trade affairs. Nearly one-quarter of the aggregate exports of the United States to Oceania and the Orient are shipped from San Francisco, the total being about $23,000,000 a year. In 1902 the total from San Francisco to China was $6,189,700; to Japan, $3,860,500; to Australia, $3,620,000; to the Philippines, $1.360.000; to New Zealand, $782.000: to Tahiti, $380,000; and to South Africa, $760,000. Samoa, Fiji, and the numerous islands of the Pacific were all represented in the year's business to a liberal extent. From June 1, 1902, to Dec. 31 the exports from San Francisco to Hawaii were valued at $5,360,000, no records having been kept previously since June 14, 1900. In the last three years 89 steamers, some of them of 11,500 tons register, have been added to the Pacific Ocean fleet that makes San Francisco its home port. Puget Sound ports are also largely interested in Oriental trade, and both Seattle and Tacoma have several regular steam lines to Japan, China, and the Philippine Islands. Tacoma has three large steamers plying between that port and Vladivostok, Siberia. The Great Northern Steamship Company, with headquarters at Seattle, will have three new steamships of the largest size, now nearing completion, in service early in 1903. Portland, Ore., is also becoming deeply inter ested in the Oriental trade. Three large steamers are already making regular trips, and the trade is assuming such proportions that two others are in contemplation. The rapid growth of the Oriental and oceanic trade with Pacific coast ports in the last three years has been phenomenal, but it is merely an indication of what the United States may expect in the future development of this commerce. PAN-AMERICAN CONGRESS. (See IN TERNATIONAL CONFERENCE.) PARAGUAY, a republic in South America. The Congress consists of a Senate and House of Representatives, both elected by the direct suffrage of adult male citizens, 1 Senator to 12,000 inhabitants. The constituency of a member of the lower house is half as numerous. There are 13 Senators and 26 Representatives, all of whom receive a salary of $1,000. The President is elected for four years. Emilio Aceval was elected President for the term ending Nov. 25, 1902, and Hector Carvallo was elected Vice-President. The Cabinet at the beginning of 1902 was composed as follows: Minister of the Interior, Guillermo de los Rios; Minister of Foreign Affairs and Colonization, J. Cancio Flecha; Minister of Justice, Worship, and Public Instruction, Pedro Bobadilla; Minister of War, Col. J. A. Escurra. Area and Population.-The area of Paraguay is about 157,000 square miles. The population by the census of 1899 is shown to be 530,103, not including about 100.000 uncivilized Indians. In 1895 there were 18,180 foreigners. In the ten years ending with 1899 there were 4,655 immigrants. The number in 1900 was 170. Asuncion, the capital, has about 45,000 inhabitants. The Paraguayans are a mixed population, part Spanish, part Guarani Indian, and to some extent African. Finances.-The revenue in 1900 was stated to be $9,866,000, and the expenditure $8,122,139. The revenue is mainly derived from customs. The budget estimate for 1900, which was repeated for 1901, made the total expenditure $8.065.782, of which $1,846,567 were for administration, $2,469,663 for finance, $2,118,640 for justice and education, and $645,852 for war and marine. The army consists of 82 officers and 1,500 men, the navy of 3 armed steamers. The foreign debt, resettled in 1885 by the concession of lands and anew in 1895 by the reduction of interest, amounted in 1901 to £965,500. In addition to this the Government was responsible for £786,747 of railroad bonds and owed the National Bank $42,590. There is a debt of $12,393,600 in silver due to the Argentine Republic, and one of $9,876,500 due to Brazil. The internal debt on Jan. 1, 1901, was $1,163,340. The bank-notes in circulation amounted to $11,291,325. Gold was at a very high premium in 1901. Commerce and Production. - Paraguay is mainly a grazing country. There were 2,283,000 cattle, 182,790 horses, 7,626 asses and mules, 214,060 sheep, and 32,334 goats in 1899. The growing of yerba maté, or Paraguay tea, is a peculiar and important industry which was carried on by the Government until the plantations were turned over to foreign capitalists. Fruit-growing and the planting of tobacco are growing enterprises. In 1900 the number of oranges exported was 86.500.000. Plantations of rubber have been started. Timber is exported, and a trade has grown up in the Quebracho colorado, a wood comtaining a tanning extract, which is shipped to Germany. A factory for the extraction of this substance has been established, also a sugar factory. About 225,000 hides are exported annually VOL. XLII.-34 A to Buenos Ayres. With Government aid 7 agricultural settlements have been founded, with 2,148 colonists, who cultivate coffee and fruits and rear horses and cattle. The English company which took public lands in partial settlement of the Government debt sold 52,000 acres in 1899. The number of immigrants in 1900 was 170. The public lands which constituted threequarters of the territory have passed into other hands, and a great part now forms immense private estates. The total value of imports in 1900 was $1,838,710 in gold; exports, $2,064,290. Textile goods, wine, and rice are the largest imports. Great Britain supplies 85 per cent. of the textiles and 48 per cent. of the total imports. The export of yerba-maté in 1900 was valued at $560,000; tobacco at $176,635; hides at $512,000. Timber, oranges, and hair are the next most important articles. There were 596 vessels, of 68,075 tons, entered at the port of Asuncion in 1900. Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs.-The railroad from Asuncion to Pirapó, 156 miles, carried 624,741 passengers and 75,503 tons of freight in 1900; receipts, $1,568,037 in currency. The post-office in 1900 handled 1,729,878 pieces of mail-matter. The length of telegraph-lines in 1900 was 600 miles; number of despatches, 83,560. Political Revolution.-A revolution supported by the army was carried out on Jan. 9, 1902, on the eve of the presidential election. A detachment of soldiers surrounded the house of Dr. Aceval, carried him a prisoner to the barracks, and there he was requested to sign a letter of resignation. He was allowed to consult the leading members of his party, and when he refused to resign the revolutionary leaders announced that he was deposed. When Congress met in extraordinary session a few hours later on the summons of Vice-President Carvallo the revolutionists denounced the President as a traitor who had forfeited the confidence of the country. The friends of the President called for specific charges and regular impeachment and trial according to the Constitution. A fight between the two parties followed, in which one revolutionist Senator was killed, and several Senators, Deputies, and soldiers were seriously wounded. Besides President Aceval, former President Egusquiza was arrested by the military, and when they were released both took refuge in the Argentine legation. The Minister of War, supported by the Minister of Finance, was at the head of the revolution. Guillermo Rios was the presidential candidate of the revolutionary party after Dr. Facundo Insfran, the first choice, was killed. During the fight in the Senate chamber, in which the supporters of the President were getting the best of it, being better armed, the artillery began to fire on the building with Krupp and Maxim guns. The friends of the President were in the minority when the firing was stopped, and Hector Carvallo was by formal vote declared Acting President. PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY. (See GRANGE, NATIONAL) PENNSYLVANIA. (See under UNITED STATES.) PERSIA, an empire in central Asia. The reigning Shah in Shah, or Emperor, is Muzaffer Eddin, born March 25, 1853, second son of Nasr Eddin, whom he succeeded on May 1, 1896. The Valiahd, or heir apparent, is Mohammed Ali Mirza, the Shah's eldest son. born June 21, 1872. The ministry appointed at the end of September, 1898, was composed as follows: Grand Vizier, Mirza Ali Ashgar Khan; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mushir ed Dowleh; Minister of War, Prince |