performed. In some earlier cases taste was not tested, so that as far as the observations of this group of authorities go the result has been constant. Mr. Horsley is quoted as representing that in the cases he has operated on in private in which he has afterward tested taste, he has in each case found it lost. These facts are regarded as constituting strong evidence that the suggestion of disease was correct, and that all the fibers of taste, at least in most persons, reach the brain by the fifth nerve. The path by which the taste impressions reach the fifth nerve deserves further investigation, but hardly lends itself to experimental research.

Miscellaneous.-The results of studies of the effect of marching and carrying of loads, as in military service, upon 5 students of the Kaiser Wilhelm Academie have been published by Prof. Zuntz, of the Royal Agricultural College, Berlin, and Chief-Surgeon Schomberg. The experiments were made during April, May, June, and July, under stated and uniform regulations, and the condition of the subjects was examined before and after, and sometimes during the march and on days of rest, with reference to all organs and functions likely to be influenced by carrying heavily loaded knapsacks. The tests included sphygmographic tracings, enumeration of bloodcorpuscles, estimation of the specific gravity of the blood, reaction of the muscles and nerves, measurements of vital capacity, and records of variations in urinary constituents. A second and more complicated investigation was carried out with two of the students to determine the effect of marches on metabolism. Experiments were also made with lighter weights and with loads of 22, 27, and 31 kilograms. The general condition of the students improved, excessive fat disappeared, and the body weight was reduced by from 1.5 to 3.5 kilograms; the cardiac systole was prolonged and the diastole was shortened as the weights carried were increased. The pulse increased to 140 and 150 beats a minute, and dicrotism became marked as the duration of the diastole and systole approached equality.

Among 89 observations the cardiac area of dulness showed marked increase in 64, and the hepatic area in 67 instances after march. The increase in the area of dulness was found due to dilatation of the right and not of the left side of the heart, and to be produced by a general stagnation of the venous circulation. The phenomenon is designated by the authors as march dilatation of the left side of the heart." Observations on other organs and functions did not produce so interesting and positive results. The specific gravity of the blood increased only by 0.006, and the red blood-corpuscles by 9 per cent. after the heavier march. An apparent increase in the white corpuscles was due to polynuclear cells being carried into the circulation from the walls of the larger veins in consequence of increased cardiac action; but the blood resumed its normal condition on the day following the march. The vital capacity of the lungs was increased up to a certain point by graduated training, but marked diminution occurred in the marches with the heaviest loads, the result being associated with the dilatation of the heart and liver and the venous stagnation already noticed. The increase in frequency of respiration associated with exercise gradually fell to normal during halts, but when dilatation of the right side of the heart had become well marked the increase remained as high as 40 per cent. above normal even after a halt of thirty minutes. The heat production of the work done in marching

was estimated to be enough to raise the bodily temperature 1° C. in 8.7 minutes. From experiments on the influence of marches on nervous energy-producing material, the authors conclude that in continuous heavy marching the carbohydrates consumed in the rations are not suf ficient to replace the waste; and that a day's rest is required after every three days' marching to enable the blood to recover its normal power. It is understood that the German military authorities have accepted the investigators' conclusions as authoritative; and the regulations on physical training in Germany are evidently inspired by them.

A general review of the results of the researches of Ehrlich and his colleagues and followers on the subject of immunity was given by Prof. W. C. Halliburton in his address at the British Association, who said that the power the blood possesses of slaying bacteria was first discovered when the effort was made to grow various kinds of bacteria in it, it having been looked upon as probable that the blood would prove a suitable medium for the parasite. Instead, the blood was found in some instances to have exactly the opposite effect. The chemical characters of the substances which kill the bacteria were not fully known; but absence of knowledge on this particular point had not prevented important discoveries from being made. So far as was known at present, the substances in question were proteid in nature. The bactericidal powers of blood were destroyed by heating it for an hour to 56° C. Whether the substances were enzymes was disputed; so also was the question whether they are derived from the leucocytes. The substances are sometimes called alexins, but the more usual name now applied to them is bacterio-lysins. Closely allied to the bactericidal power of blood or blood-serum, was its globulicidal power, by which it is meant that the bloodserum of one animal has the power of dissolving the red blood-corpuscles of another species. The bactericidal power of the blood was closely related to its alkalinity and increased with it. Normal blood possessed a certain amount of substances which were inimical to the life of our bacterial foes. When a person gets "run down,” as it is called, and is weak against attacks of disease, it is coincident with a diminution in the bactericidal power of his blood. But even a perfectly healthy person has not an unlimited supply of bacterio-lysin, and if the bacteria are sufficiently numerous, he will fall a victim to the disease they produce. But in the struggle he will produce more and more bacterio-lysin, and if he gets well it means that the bacteria are finally vanquished, and his blood remains rich in the peculiar bacterio-lysin he has produced, and so will render him immune to further attacks from that particular species of bacterium. Every bacterium seems to cause the development of a specific bacterio-lysin. Immunity can more conveniently be produced gradually in animals, and this applies not only to the bacteria, but also to the toxins they form.

In the hypothesis by which he seeks to explain the phenomena of immunity, Ehrlich supposes that the toxins are capable of uniting with the protoplasm of living cells by possessing groups of atoms like those by which nutritive proteids are united to cells during normal assimilation, and which he terms heptophor groups; while the groups to which these are attached in the cells are termed receptor groups. The introduction of a toxin stimulates an excessive production of receptors, which are finally thrown out

into the circulation, and the free circulating receptors constitute the antitoxin. The comparison of the process to assimilation is justified by the fact that non-toxic substances like milk introduced gradually by successive doses into the blood-serum cause the formation of antisubstances capable of coagulating them. Evidence is gradually being collected that other cells than those of the blood may by similar measures be rendered capable of producing a corresponding protective mechanism.

In connection with some experimental researches in the metabolism of pulmonary tuberculosis Dr. Francis W. Goodbody, Dr. Noel D. Bardswell, and J. E. Chapman made studies of the metabolism of ordinary individuals, and of the effect of a greatly increased diet on them. Three cases were experimented upon, the conditions of which and their treatment and regimen are described in detail in the paper of the authors in the Journal of Physiology (vol. xxviii, No. 4). The conclusions which seem to the authors justified by the results are expressed by them as follows: 1. The lasting bad effects of an excessive diet on normal individuals. 2. The very small quantity of nitrogen retained except when extreme forced feeding is employed. 3. The increased quantity of urine passed and of very high specific gravity, more or less proportional to the increased intake of fluids, this being contrary to what has been observed in pathological conditions. 4. The marked increase in the quantity of total nitrogen in the urine on forced feed ing, the portion of this substance passed as urea remaining normal all through, and there being no marked difference in the proportion of uric acid and ammonia. 5. The marked increase in the inorganic constituents of the urine analyzed during the period of forced feeding. 6. The fact that, contrary to what was to be expected, there was no marked increase in the total quantity of nitrogen in the feces on the forced feeding except in case 3, while, as a rule, there was an enormous increase in the quantity of fats. 7. The temporary increase in the absorption of nitrogen on forced feeding as against the tendency to diminution in the rate of absorption of fats during the same period. 8. The very rapid increase in weight during the period of forced feeding and the very striking rapidity with which this increase disappeared. 9. The marked deterioration of health caused by forced feeding.

In studies regarding the depth of sleep, Dr. Sante de Sanctis and Dr. U. Negroz applied a method of tactile and pressure stimuli for six consecutive months, on each of 9 subjects, 4 of whom were normal and 5 psychopaths, afflicted with some form of nervous disorder, the tests being made at different hours on successive or irregularly recurring nights. It was found that the maximum depth of sleep was attained within one hour and a half after falling asleep, and generally in the third half-hour; after which the curve of sleep became shallower. Hourly oscillations in the depth of sleep occurred thereafter with a maximum and a minimum for each hour, the curve, however, descending on the whole for a while until a second deepening of sleep occurred. This secondary deepening lasted about an hour and a half, and occurred during the middle period of the total duration of sleep. In all the 5 pathological subjects the depth of sleep was far greater than in normal persons. It was found that dreams occurred in every period of sleep, and even in the earlier hours when the depth of sleep was greater; but they were more frequent and more vivid in the later hours of

sleep, especially toward morning. The dream activity of psycopathic persons was slight as compared with normal subjects, and the memory of the dreams was less marked or definite.

A prize of 600 kronen, or about $1,050, is of fered by Prof. Joseph Seegen, under the auspices of the Mathematical and Natural Science section of the Imperial Academy of Science of Vienna, for the best answer to the question: Whether any part of the nitrogen of the albuminates which have undergone metabolism in the animal body is eliminated either by the lungs or the skin in a gaseous form. Essays may be sent in before Feb. 1, 1904, in the German, French, or English language. In experiments on skin currents, Dr. Augustus D. Waller found that in freshly removed human skin the normal current was always ingoing, and the response to electrical excitation by the induction-coil was always outgoing. This response, which the author calls the blaze," was a sign of the vitality of the skin, was independent of the normal current, and amounted to from 0.0100 to 0.0400 volts. Moribund skin and skin from the post-mortem room gave small reactions of variable direction, amounting to not more than 0.010 of a volt. In all cases the electrodes were carefully tested and the skin was subsequently killed by boiling, tested, and found to give negative results. A remarkable feature brought out in the experiments was the great diminution of resistance of living skin by tetanization. The resistance of dead skin was far below that of living skin, and was not altered by tetanization. Fatigue was exhibited more in human skin than in frog's skin. As regards the locality of the reaction, the blaze currents were found to arise exclusively from the Malpighian layer of the epithelium, not from the superficial keratinized cells, or from the subcutaneous tissue and the corium. The blaze reaction was quite local, and was not propagated to any considerable distance from the excited spot, and adjacent portions exhibited different degrees of vitality. The apparent duration of vitality was surprising, and lasted as long as ten days after excision. Alternations of temperature produced alteration of resistance as in any moist conductor. In the case of living skin, Dr. Waller witnessed at the moment of congelation (-40° to -60° of the cooling chamber) a sudden electromotive discharge of 0.0080 volt, attributable to the sudden excitation of living matter in the act of congelation. On the return of the frozen skin to the original temperature, the resistance was found to be much reduced, and the response to excitation was abolished.

Indications were found by Uhlenbarth, and the discovery has been confirmed by Levene, of the existence of a biological relationship between the blood and the muscle proteids-a similarity in the biological sense having been observed between proteids having a different chemical individuality, but obtained from the same animal. It was found that the serums of rabbits immunized for two months with milk would form precipitates with milk, casein, milk-albumin, and beef-serum, but not with the entire white of an egg, egg-albumin, egg-globulin, chicken-serum, and sheep hemoglobin. Serums of animals that had been treated with injections of the white of an egg for two months formed precipitates with egg-albumin, egg-globulin, yolk of egg, chicken-serum, and turkey-serum. No precipitate was formed on the addition of milk proteids, beef-serum, or of the different proteids of the latter, of guineapig serum, or of serum of the normal rabbit.

In the meeting of the National Academy of Sci

ences, April, 1902, Prof. J. McKean Cattell read a paper showing that Mosso's method of experimenting upon psychophysical fatigue by causing the subject to lift a dead weight from the ground and calculating the amount of work according to the product of the mass into the height to which it is lifted, is open to the objection that much effort is exerted before the weight is stirred. The author had avoided this objection by experimenting upon pulls against a spring. Under this method, the strange anomalies in Mosso's results had completely disappeared.

The nature of the cerebro-spinal fluid has been the subject of an investigation by Prof. E. Cavazzani, of the University of Ferrara, who has published his first results in the Italian Archives of Biology, 1902, fasciculus 1. The determination of alkalinity by lacmoid gave as the mean in the dog, 0.093 per cent. of NaOH, and in the ox, 0.104 per cent., the blood being obtained from animals killed by bleeding. In other cases the fluid was obtained during life by aspiration through the atlanto-occipital ligament. In dogs that were curarized, the mean was 0.089 per cent. NaOH, and in two normal rabbits it was 0.099 and 0.085 per cent. These numbers are important for the evidence they afford that the cerebro-spinal fluid is not a mere filtration of the plasma of the blood, since it presents less than half the alkalinity of the blood. The evidence afforded by the effects of various reactions, such as those of tincture of guaiacum, hydrochinone, gallic and pyrogallic acids, peroxid of hydrogen, and ortholotudine led the author to the conclusion that the cerebro-spinal fluid contains a ferment, to which he has given the name of cerebrospinose. This ferment possesses the power of destroying the reducing agent which is normally present in the cerebro-spinal fluid, and is capable of oxidizing glycose. Prof. Cavazzani adduces reasons for supporting the views of Knoll, attributing variations of pressure in the cerebrospinal fluid to various influences. At the beginning of asphyxia there is a diminution, but subsequently an increase occurs, of pressure in the fluid; and if the central stump of the vago-sympathetic nerve is stimulated in the dog, the fluid ceases to flow through a fistula. The results of the author's investigations have convinced him that the cerebro-spinal fluid is a true secretion and is not lymph in the ordinary sense of the word. As additional evidence he has studied the action of the substances termed “lymphagogues' by Heidenhain-namely, peptone and the extract of the heads of leeches, glycose, and chlorid and iodid of sodium. In no instance was there any acceleration in the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid from fistulous openings.

An investigation of the cerebro-spinal fluid was suggested to St. Clair Thomson, M. D., of the Throat Hospital, London, by the observation of a young woman in good health suffering from its escape through the nose. The author examined the literature of the subject and found about 20 similar observations recorded. The liquid was not diagnosed in all the cases as cerebro-spinal fluid, but its identity with it seemed indubitable in 9 of the cases, very probable in 12, and possible in 18. In many of the cases the hydrorrhea was associated with cerebral symptoms and with optic neuritis. In particular cases under the author's own care, cerebro-spinal fluid was determined by analysis by Dr. Halliburton. Accounts of these cases, with observations on the composition and functions of the cerebro-spinal fluid, are given by the author in a book which he has recently published on the subject.

A preliminary report on Heredity in Alcoholism, by Dr. T. D. Crothers, chairman of a committee of physicians appointed at a Medical Temperance Congress in 1888, embodies the results of the investigation of 1,744 cases of inebriety carried on during thirteen years. The facts were carefully ascertained and collected, and the inquiry, besides the question of heredity, included every condition and circumstance which could have an etiological bearing in the development of inebriety. Of the 1,744 inebriates with trustworthy histories, 1,080 had a direct history of alcoholic heredity; 390 cases were traceable to bodily diseases, injury, or shocks; 180 were attributable to starvation and poisoning; while 85 cases were due to ignorance, bad surroundings, and imitation (or mental contagion). In only 9 cases were the causes so complex or so obscure that no classification could be made of them. The central conclusion from the study was "that the injury from alcohol to the cells and nervetissues is transmitted to the next generation in some form or other as a drink-craving, a neurosis, or a mental defect, etc.-with absolute certainty." Regarding the 1,080 patients with a direct alcoholic heredity, the report says: "In most there seemed to be largely transmitted a special predisposition to find relief in spirits, or a mental diathesis [instability] with want of self-control, and often a species of psychical pain and unrest, which found the greatest relief from the use of spirits." In 430 of the cases no heredity was traced.

A study by Dr. R. Hunt, of Johns Hopkins University, of the relative toxicity of methyl alcohol and the special pathological changes produced by its action on the nervous system gave results indicating that while coma of ethyl alcohol lasts perhaps not longer than six hours, or twenty hours at the most, that from methyl alcohol may last two, three, or even four days. Experiments on lower animals showed that this was not due to impurities, but that the pure drug would produce the same effect. In lethal doses methyl alcohol produced death more speedily than ethyl alcohol. But in chronic intoxication methyl alcohol was retained longer in the nerve-tissues than ethyl alcohol. Hence small doses taken a few times acted very poisonously owing to their cumulative effect. Dogs to which measured doses of pure and commercial methyl alcohol were given died, as a rule, while those treated with equal doses of ethyl alcohol recovered. Dr. Hunt was able to establish proofs of degenerative changes in the optic nerve and blindness in the fatal cases, a result which might occur also in the human subject from small and non-fatal doses of methyl alcohol. The whole series of experiments showed that however pure methyl alcohol may be it is totally unfit for use as a substitute for ethyl alcohol in any preparation that is to be taken medically or dietetically.

PORTO RICO, a dependency of the United States, ceded by Spain to the United States by the treaty signed by peace commissioners at Paris on Dec. 10, 1898. Representative government was conferred on the people on May 1, 1901, and a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular suffrage limited by moderate property and educational restrictions. A tariff of 15 per cent. on imports from Porto Rico into the United States and imports from the United States into Porto Rico was imposed by the United States Congress by an act passed on April 12, 1900, the proceeds to be applied to the necessities of the government of Porto Rico. The Legislative Assembly enacted a system of local taxation suf

ficient for the needs of government, and after it had gone into operation passed on July 4, 1901, a joint resolution notifying the President of the United States that the aid was no longer needed, in consequence of which the President on July 25, 1901, proclaimed the cessation of all tariff duties between Porto Rico and the United States. The Governor of Porto Rico is appointed by the President of the United States. Charles H. Allen, appointed Governor on May 1, 1900, at the institution of local self-government, was succeeded on July 23, 1900, by William H. Hunt, whose official staff at the beginning of 1902 was composed as follows: Secretary, Charles Hartzell; Attorney-General, James S. Harlan; Treasurer, W. F. Willoughby; Auditor, John R. Garrison; Commissioner of Education, Martin G. Brumbaugh, succeeded by Samuel M. Lindsay; Commissioner of the Interior, William H. Elliot. The Resident Commissioner of Porto Rico in Washington is Federico Degetau, reelected Nov. 4, 1902. The Executive Council is the upper house of the Legislative Assembly and the popularly elected House of Delegates the lower. The Governor and the chief American officials with 5 native Porto Ricans appointed by the President constitute the Executive Council. The House of Delegates has 35 members. A Supreme Court was instituted, with José S. Quinones as Chief Justice and Louis Sulzbacher, of Missouri, and José C. Fernandez, José M. Figueras, and Rafael Nieto y Abeille, Porto Ricans, as associate judges. A United States district court was created, and William H. Holt was appointed Federal district judge. The Spanish code of laws was continued, with modifications recommended by a special commission bringing it into harmony with the laws of the United States. Gov. Allen resigned, and William H. Hunt, of Montana, was on July 23, 1901, appointed his successor. The Governor and the Secretary receive instructions from the State Department at Washington, the Treasurer and Auditor from the Treasury Department. A battalion of native troops organized in 1899 has been retained in the United States service, and forms the only military force on the island with the exception of detachments of artillery in the sea forts. These native troops are to be disbanded.

Area and Population. The area of the island is estimated at 3,600 square miles. The population in 1900 was 953,243. Many workers on the sugar plantations were induced to emigrate with their families to the Hawaiian Islands and to Cuba, and others employed in the tobacco industry went to the latter island, but this emigration was counterbalanced by immigration from Santo Domingo, Cuba, and other West Indian islands. The density of population is 264 to the square mile and the increase in population was 16 per cent. from 1887 to 1900 according to census returns. Of the inhabitants of the island 589,426, or 61.8 per cent., are white, though many of these show an infusion of African blood. The number of black and colored inhabitants is 363,817, or 38.2 per cent. The number of foreigners in 1900 was 13,872, or 1.5 per cent. of the population, and these include 7.690 Spanish residents, the great majority of the Spaniards having elected to retain their nationality. The proportion of the totally illiterate to the population in 1900 was 83.2 per cent. Education is making good progress. There were at the end of 1902 in the schools, on which $192,896 had already been expended for buildings, 1,126 teachers, and over 55.000 pupils. The annual expenditure for education is fixed at $600,000. Two industrial schools

were opened in the fall of 1902. San Juan, the capital, has 32,048 inhabitants; Ponce, 27,952; Mayaguez, 15,187.

Finances. The insular revenues are sufficient for the needs of the administration, and in his message to the Legislature the Governor advised no increase in direct taxation in 1903. The sum of $600,937 raised by tariff duties up to the time of the cessation of the special tariff on Porto Rican products was set apart as a fund for permanent public improvements in Porto Rico. Its expenditure for this purpose gave employment to native laborers and imparted an impulse to the commercial and industrial energies of the country which had been paralyzed by the interruption of the former trade with Spain and Cuba and by the effects of the hurricane of 1899. At the close of 1902, besides $885,635 of trust funds, there was a balance on hand of $378,670 from insular revenues and $431,128 due from the United States.

Commerce and Production.-The most valuable product is coffee, of which 60,000,000 pounds are gathered annually from 200,000 acres. The coffee finds a ready demand in Austria, France, and other Continental countries and its superior quality is beginning to be appreciated in the United States. Coffee has constituted 63 per cent. in value of the total export trade, and sugar 28 per cent., after which come tobacco, honey, molasses, cattle, timber, and hides. The yield of coffee has been increased from 200 to more than 500 pounds an acre. The crop in 1901 was 200,000 bags. In 1902 it approximated 350,000 bags. Oranges, bananas, and pineapples are exported in increasing quantities. There is a variety of pineapple that attains the weight of 25 pounds. ́ Bananas grown without cultivation are of fine quality. Limes and lemons grow wild in abundance. Silkworms have been raised experimentally that produce cocoons twice or thrice the ordinary size and of the finest quality, fed on a plant growing in abundance on which silkworms were already raised in Venezuela. A company has been organized to grow Sea Island and Egyptian cotton, for which the soil and climate have been found well adapted. Rice is grown on the island, but more is imported. Corn and vegetables of all kinds are raised. The sugar plantations cover 50,000 acres, yielding nearly 100,000 tons in 1900. The yield of tobacco was 3,000,000 pounds in 1901 and nearly 9,000,000 pounds in 1902. The principal mineral product is salt, of which 10,000,000 pounds are annually produced by the salt-works of Guanico, Salinac, and Cape Rojo. Gold is found, and carbonate and sulfids of copper and magnetic iron ore are abundant. Lignite, amber, and marble are other mineral products. There were 260,000 cattle in 1899. Oxen do the heavy hauling. About 50,000 cattle are slaughtered or exported annually. The grazing on the island is unexcelled. There are 130,000 acres of blue grass. Cattle are shipped to Trinidad, St. Lucia, Martinique, and Guadeloupe. Hogs thrive particularly well. Poultry is easily kept. Sugar, rum, cigars, and cigarettes are now the principal manufactures. Wood manufactures, matches, soda, and vermicelli are newer industrial products. There is unlimited waterpower and cheap fuel. The plaiting of hats is a house handicraft which has expanded into a commercial industry since prices rose. Prof. S. A. Knapp examined the agricultural resources of Porto Rico with a view to the establishment of an experiment station in connection with the United States Department of Agriculture, and one has been started near Mayaguez and one

under the direction of Frank D. Gardner at Rio Piedras, near San Juan. Experiments have been begun for improving the quality and yield of coffee by selection and by proper shading of the shrubs; also in exterminating the mole cricket, which destroys young tobacco and sugar plants. Selection and fertilization of sugar-cane, rice cultivation, the fermentation and grading of tobacco, dairying, forestry methods, culture and marketing of fruits, and introduction of cacao and fiber plants are other problems that are studied. The chief imports are cotton goods, rice, provisions, codfish, and hardware and tools. The total value of imports in 1901 was $9,367,000, and of exports $8,634,000. Of the imports, $7,415,000 came from the United States, $808,000 from Spain, $375,000 from Great Britain, $167,000 from France, and $152,000 from Germany. Of the exports, $5,661,000 went to the United States, $1,110,000 to Cuba, $596,000 to Spain, $473,000 to France, and $141,000 to Germany. The total value of exports in 1902 was $12,889,925, showing an increase of 54.7 per cent. in exports to foreign countries and 48.6 per cent. in exports to the United States. The increase was mainly in sugar, cigars and cigarettes, straw hats, and coffee. A demand sprang up in the United States for straw hats, which were shipped to the amount of $204,500. While over $3,000,000 worth of Porto Rican coffee went to Europe, the takings of the American market were only $29,000. Among the imports were codfish of the value of $400,000 from Nova Scotia and $500,000 worth of potatoes from Spain.

Railroads and Telegraphs.-There are 159 miles of completed railroads in Porto Rico, and 170 miles are building. The telegraphs have a length of 470 miles, connecting the principal ports with San Juan, the capital, which is connected by cables with St. Thomas and Jamaica. Since the extension of the telegraphs under American administration they have yielded a profit to the insular treasury.

Government and Legislation.-Porto Rico became a Territory of the United States on July 25, 1901, but not subject to the United States Constitution. By a decision of the United States Supreme Court rendered on Dec. 2, 1901, which sustained the right of Congress to impose customs duties on Porto Rican products imported into the United States and a separate tariff for Porto Rico, the natives and citizens of Porto Rico are not citizens of the United States unless they become naturalized like any aliens eligible for citizenship. Culebra and a site at San Juan have been taken and fitted as United States naval stations, and the title, still remaining in the insular government, will be transferred to the United States by act of the Legislature.

A general election was held throughout Porto Rico simultaneously with the elections in the United States on Nov. 4. The Republican party won a victory everywhere over the Federal Democrats, obtaining every seat in the House of Delegates. In most districts the Federals, as in 1901, refused to register, complaining that the election judges would not permit free and full registration, and in some places disturbances occurred on registration day. An epidemic of smallpox caused excessive mortality among the population until the Government made vaccination compulsory, a measure that reduced the death-rate from this disease to almost nothing. Anemia has become much less prevalent with the general improvement in public and private sanitation. There were 13,000 fewer deaths in the year end

ing June 30, 1902, than in the previous year. The criminal code adopted for Porto Rico, modeled largely on the penal laws of California, has worked satisfactorily. A new corporation law went into effect on July 1.

PORTUGAL, a kingdom in southwestern Europe. The throne is hereditary in the family of Saxe-Coburg-Braganza. The reigning sovereign is King Carlos I, born Sept. 28, 1863, successor to his father, Luiz I, who died Oct. 19, 1889. The heir apparent is Luiz Philippe, Duke of Braganza, born March 21, 1887. The legislative power is vested in the Cortes, which consists of a Chamber of Peers, containing 52 hereditary, 13 spiritual, and 90 nominated members, and a Chamber of Deputies, containing 120 members elected by the direct votes of all adult male citizens who possess an elementary education or an income of 500 milreis. The Cabinet at the beginning of 1900 was composed as follows: Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior, E. R. Hintze_Ribeiro; Minister of Foreign Affairs ad interim, Ferdinando Mattoso; Minister of Finance ad interim, Ferdinando Mattoso; Minister of Justice and Public Worship, A. Campos Henriques; Minister of War, L. A. Pimentel Pinto; Minister of Marine and the Colonies, A. Teixeira de Sousa; Minister of Public Works, Industry, and Commerce, Manuel A. de Vargas.

Area and Population.-The area and population of the kingdom according to the preliminary reports of the census of Dec. 1, 1900, are given in the following table:

The population consisted of 2,597,270 males and 2,831,389 females. The increase of population in ten years was 378,930, showing an annual rate of 0.75 per cent. The number of emigrants in 1900 was 21,306, of whom 18,908 went to America, chiefly Brazil, 1,928 to Africa, 445 to European countries, and 25 to Asia and Oceania. The population of the chief towns in 1900 was as follows: Lisbon, the capital, 357,000; Oporto, 172,421; Braga, 24,309; Setubal, 21,819; Coimbra, 18,424.

Finances. The revenue for 1902 was estimated at 53,269,747 milreis, and expenditure at 55,269,747 milreis. For 1903 the estimate of revenue was 53,991,074 milreis from ordinary and 922,000 from extraordinary sources; total. 54,913,074 milreis. The estimate of expenditure for ordinary purposes was 54,416,810 milreis, and for extraordinary purposes 1,445,128 milreis; total, 55,861,938 milreis, showing a deficit of 948,864 milreis. Of the ordinary receipts according to the estimates 13,180,960 milreis are derived from direct taxes, 6,323,000 milreis from stamps and registration, 25,172,030 milreis from indirect taxes, 1,107.750 milreis from additional taxes, 3,609,176 milreis from national property and miscellaneous sources, and 4,598.158 milreis are recettes d'ordre. Of the ordinary expenditures 9,716,008 milreis are for the civil list, the Cortes, etc., 20,739.311 milreis for the consolidated debt, 400,000 milreis for loss on exchange, 3.839,852 milreis for the Ministry of Finance, 2,850,692