for restocking the farms were brought from Madagascar and other countries by the Government, and Boers were allowed to go to Cape Colony to buy breeding stock. Lord Milner had a plan for settling British farmers on irrigated farms of 20 acres or more and grazing farms of 2,000 or 3,000 acres. Excepting some of the discharged soldiers, no settlers were found suitable to form colonies, nor could they be started until large sums had been spent on irrigiation works for the agricultural colonies. The Government possessed large tracts of land and also many town lots. The most valuable undeveloped mining lands in the country belonged to the Government. Those whose capabilities were known had been promised by the Republican Government to the miners, to be apportioned by lot. The lands next to the Rand mines under which the ledges run far below the surface were promised to the mining companies at a fixed price. Mr. Chamberlain disappointed the miners and prospectors when he intimated that the Government would not, like the Republican Government, give away such valuable assets in the future, and the opinion of the mining community was that unless prospectors were, on paying a small license fee, allowed to peg claims no one would explore new territory for gold. The Government increased the tax on mining profits from 5 per cent. to 10 per cent. Lord Milner was perplexed by the financial difficulties that beset him. He endeavored to induce the Cape and Natal governments to abolish the duties on mealies and other foodstuffs imposed for the protection of their agriculture from oversea competition and also to reduce their railroad tariffs. When they refused he intimated to the Cape Commissioner of Public Works that the military rule might be restored in Cape Colony. The freight in the Transvaal sections of the railroads is twice as high as on the Cape and Natal railroads, and he could not reduce that without a deficit in his budget. The South African freights are the main cause of the dearness of living in the Transvaal. Goods transported 1,500 miles in the United States and thence by steamer pay higher rates for the rest of the carriage to Johannesburg than the rail and ocean freights to Delagoa Bay. The estimate of revenue for the Transvaal for the year ending June 30, 1903, is £4,000,000, and of expenditure £3,700,000. Sir Arthur Lawley was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Transvaal under the High Commissioner and entered upon office on Sept. 1.

Swaziland. The native territory of Swaziland, inhabited by a branch of the Zulus, was a dependency of the South African Republic. It has an area of 8,500 square miles and a population of about 65,000 natives and 1,000 whites. The latter are Boers who have obtained farms from the native chiefs and British traders. Ngwani, or Bunu, the paramount chief, died in December, 1899, and a queen regent rules the natives. When the Boer War broke out the Boer officials and almost all the other whites left the country. The revenue is about £32,000 and the expenditure has been £80,000.

Rhodesia. Matabeleland and Mashonaland were declared to be within the British sphere of influence in 1888, and in 1889 the British South Africa Company was chartered and empowered to administer these countries and to exploit their mineral and other resources with the object of promoting trade, encouraging colonization, and extending northward the railroad and telegraph systems of Cape Colony. The sphere over which the administrative powers and commercial privileges were extended, after the agreement to

which Portugal, yielding to superior force, subscribed on June 11, 1891, embraced all the regions north of the Transvaal and Cape Colony and south of the Congo State and German East Africa, west of the territories of Mozambique and Lourenço Marques left to Portugal and east of the Portuguese colony of Angola and German Damaraland and Namaqualand. British Bechuanaland was subsequently annexed to Cape Colony, the British Central African Protectorate obtained the right to retain its separate administration, and the Bechuanaland Protectorate was placed under the immediate direction of the High Commissioner. On Nov. 25, 1898, after Dr. Jameson's raid from Matabeleland into the Transvaal, a new scheme of government was promulgated. A Resident Commissioner is appointed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, and to assist the company's administrator there is an Executive Council, consisting of the Resident Commissioner, the administrators of the different divisions, his subordinates, and 4 members appointed for three years by the company with the approval of the Secretary of State. A Legislative Council was created, consisting of the company's administrator, who presides, the Resident Commissioner, 5 members appointed by the company and approved by the Secretary of State, and 4 members elected by the registered electors. The life of the Legislative Council is three years unless it is dissolved previously. It has power to pass ordinances which have the effect of law when approved by the Resident Commissioner, but may be vetoed at any time within a year. Financial estimates for each year are submitted to the Legislative Council by the company's administrator, and when passed must have the approval of the Resident Commissioner. Judges are nominated by the company and confirmed by the Secretary of State. Natives are on an equal political footing with whites, excepting that no arms, ammunition, or liquor may be sold to them. A secretary for native affairs looks after their interests under the direction of the Resident Commissioner, who has entire control over the military police. If the company takes possession of mineral lands within the native reservations, other lands must be given in exchange. The Resident Commissioner in 1902 was Lieut.-Col. Sir Marshal J. Clarke. The administrator of Southern Rhodesia was W. H. Milton; administrator of Northeastern Rhodesia, Robert E. Codrington; administrator of Northwestern Rhodesia, R. T. Coryndon. The capital of the British South Africa Company, originally £1,000,000, has been successively increased to £4,375,000 of stock and £1,250,000 of debentures. The revenue, derived from mining, trading, and professional licenses, business stands, and the postal and telegraph services, amounted to £469,000, and expenditures, including supplementary estimates, to £758,582. The regions covered by the charter of the British South Africa Company have a total area of over 1,000.000 square miles, of which 300.000 lie south and 700,000 north of the Zambesi river. The division bounded by 22° of south latitude and the Limpopo on the south and the Zambesi on the north, known as Southern Rhodesia, embracing Matabeleland and Mashonaland, has an area of 144,000 square miles. The population of Matabeleland in May, 1901, comprised 4,021 Eupeans, 187 Asiatics, and 328,729 natives. The population of Mashonaland comprised 7,011 Europeans, 906 Asiatics, and 162.211 natives. the end of 1901 there were over 300 companies or syndicates formed for the purpose of mining in Rhodesia, mostly for the development and ex

At

poitation of the gold-fields of Mashonaland and Matabeleland, which have an extent of 5,250 square miles. The quantity of gold extracted up to that time was 337,056 ounces. A company has the concession of the coal-fields of Wankies, which have an area of 600 square miles. Silver, copper, zinc, lead, antimony, and arsenic have been found.

The Rhodesian Railroad, which joins the Cape system at Vryburg and runs through Bechuanaland and Matabeleland to Buluwayo, has been taken over by the Cape Government. It will be extended by the company to the Wankie coalmines, and thence to the Victoria Falls of the Zambesi and northward to Lake Tanganyika. A branch will run southward to Gwanda, and thence to Tuli. A railroad built by the Mashonaland Railway Company from Beira across Portuguese country to Umtali has been completed to Salisbury, and a line is being built from that town, which is the seat of the administration, through Hartley and Gwelo to Buluwayo. railroad 75 miles long connects the mines of Lomogundi with Salisbury.

A

The post-office in 1901 carried 661,444 South African letters and postal cards and 279,921 for places beyond the seas; number of newspapers, books, and parcels, 228,783; registered packets, 31,889. The postal revenue was £16,730; expenditure, £27,237.

The length of telegraphs in Rhodesia on April 1, 1901, was 3,554 miles, with 5,215 miles of wire. Of the African transcontinental line, which has reached Blantyre in British Central Africa and been carried to Tanganyika and along its shore through German territory to Ujiji, and is being extended to the Nile north, was 1,308 miles. There were 185,408 telegrams received and 211,267 despatched in 1901; receipts, £34,653; expenses, £27,321; receipts from telephones, £4,230.

The undeveloped region north of the Zambesi is divided into Northwestern Rhodesia, embracing the native kingdom of Barotseland, and Northeastern Rhodesia. Northeastern Rhodesia, comprising the region lying between the lakes Tanganyika, Nyasa, Mweru, and Bangweolo has an area of about 120,000 square miles and a population exceeding 300,000. There were 165 British residents in 1901. It is divided into the districts of Tanganyika, Mweru, Awemba, Luapala, Kafue, Zumbo, and East, West, and North Loangwa. The seat of administration is Fort Jameson, on the Tanganyika plateau. The forces of the British Central Africa Protectorate preserve order. Settlers have begun to plant coffee and to utilize the abundant fiber-plants which grow wild. Rubber and ivory are the chief exports at present. Coal and gold have been discovered.

In Barotseland the seat of the administration is at Victoria Falls. There are 6 stations altogether. Col. Colin Harding has organized a native police force. The slave-trade has been suppressed and the traffic in liquor is regulated, with the concurrence of Lewanika, the Barotse king, whose kraal is at Lealui.

Central Africa Protectorate.-The British Central Africa Protectorate, constituted on May 14, 1891, is administered by a Royal Commissioner under instructions from the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. The area is 42.217 square miles, south and east of Lake Nyasa. The population is about 900,000. There were 450 Europeans and 250 East Indians in 1901. Europeans cultivate coffee in the Blantyre province, exportng 1,100 tons in 1899. Rice is grown with success, and wheat has been introduced. Horses thrive In the highlands. The revenue collected in 1900 VOL. XLII.-41 A

was £47,077, and expenditure £96,366, the deficiency being supplied by a grant from the Imperial Government. In 1901 the local revenue was £49,215, and expenditure £78,366. The military force maintained to preserve order and combat the slave-trade consists of 215 Sikhs and one of the battalions of the native Central Africa regiment, the other battalion of which has served in Mauritius and Somaliland and in active operations on the west coast of Africa. There is also a police force of 200 men. The Gwendolen, of 350 tons, and two other gunboats are maintained on the upper Shire and Lake Nyasa, and British gunboats by arrangement with the Portuguese Government patrol the lower Shire and the Zambesi. At Chinde, the port at the mouth of the Zambesi, merchandise is transshipped to and from river steamers free of duty in the British concession. A railroad is being constructed from Chiromo to Blantyre. The imports, consisting of cottons, machinery, provisions, hardware, and agricultural implements, rose steadily from £78,655 in 1897 to £176,000 in 1900; the exports, consisting of ivory, coffee, and rubber, from £23,299 to £79,000. Coffee, owing to a decline in price and failure of transport, fell off in the latter year, and still more in 1901, when the total value of imports was £146,063 and of exports £38.722. The transit trade was £31,300 in 1900 and £51,

333 in 1901.

Portuguese Possessions.-The Mozambique and Loanda territories, now separated by British Central Africa and Rhodesia, are nearly all that remains of the former colonial empire of Portugal. Portuguese East Africa, divided into the districts of Mozambique, Zambesi, and Lourenço Marques, the last including the Inhambane and Gaza territories, has a total area of 301,000 square miles, with about 3,120,000 inhabitants. The chartered Nyasa Company has a commercial monopoly and administrative authority over the northern part lying between the Rovuma and Lurio rivers and Lake Nyasa. The Mozambique Company has sovereign rights till 1941 over Manica and Sofala. The Zambesi Company conducts agricultural and mining enterprises and trading operations on the Zambesi river. The Inhambane Company failed to utilize its privileges in the district conceded to it and forfeited its charter. The Portuguese Government keeps up a military force of 3,904 men, of whom 2,468 are natives, reducing it to 2,250 when there are no disturb ances. The local revenue in 1902 was estimated at 2,837,545 milreis, which the metropolitan Government has to supplement to provide for a total expenditure of 3,050,301 milreis. The imports of the territories under Government administration were 5,829,880 milreis in value, and exports 5,836,404 milreis; imports of the Mozambique Company were 4,737,723 milreis, and exports 270,601 milreis; imports of the Nyasa Company were 469,396 milreis, and exports 320,060 milreis; total imports, 11,036,999 milreis; total exports, 6,427,065 milreis; transit trade, 6,263,867 milreis. The port of Mozambique had in 1900 a population of 285 Europeans, 226 Asiatics, and 5,000 natives; Chinde, 218 Europeans and 1,300 natives; Beira, 1,438 Europeans and 2,000 natives; Inhambane, 100 Europeans, 250 Asiatics, and 3,000 natives; Lourenço Marques, 5,130 Europeans and 1,500 natives. The imports at Lourenço Marques in 1898 were £751,931; exports, £16.800; transit trade, £1,770,082; tonnage entered, 1,032,543. At Beira in 1900 the imports were £1,075,161; exports, £60,133; transit trade, £926,402; tonnage entered, 726,725. At Quilimane imports were £117,987, and exports £73,587; tonnage entered,

102,959. At Inhambane imports were £50,337; exports, £30,565; transit trade, £137,955; tonnage entered, 41,000. At Chinde the transit trade amounted to £69,419. At Mozambique the imports were £90,351; exports, £62,434; tonnage entered, 266,239. The imports into the Portuguese colony consist of cotton goods, hardware, and liquors. The exports are rubber, ores, ivory, and wax. The gold-fields in Manicaland have been prospected by British and other miners, and their claims are awaiting transport facilities before they can be developed. There were 23 steamboats, of 742 tons, and 106 barges, of 3,320 tons, plying on the Zambesi and Shire rivers in 1900. The Delagoa Bay Railroad has a length of 57 miles in Portuguese territory to the Transvaal border, and from there to Pretoria, 290 miles. The Beira Railroad runs for 222 miles in Portuguese territory and is continued to Salisbury. The telegraph-lines in the colony have a length of 1,850 miles, connecting with those of the Transvaal and Rhodesia. Brig.-Gen. Raphael Gorjão was Governor-General of Portuguese East Africa

in 1902.

The colony of Angola has an area of 484,800 square miles and a population estimated at 4,119,000. It is divided into the districts of Congo, Loanda, Benguela, Mossamedes, and Lunda. The military force is 4,731 men, of whom 3,602 are natives, reduced in time of peace to a total of 2,721 men. The revenue for 1902 was estimated at 1,844,075 milreis, and expenditure at 1,994,072 milreis. The Governor-General was Dr. F. X. Cabral d'Oliviera Moncada. Portuguese and Belgian companies have commercial, mining, and industrial privileges. Copper, iron, petroleum, salt, and gold exist. The chief exports are rubber, coffee, wax, vegetable oils, ivory, cattle, and dried fish. The coconut-palm flourishes. Sugarcane is raised for the distillation of rum. The total value of imports in 1900 was 7,267,239 milreis, and of exports 5,369,818 milreis. The export of rubber was 1,995,934 kilograms. The number of merchant vessels that called at the ports of Ambriz, Loanda, Benguela, and Mossamedes in 1900 was 348, of 505,146 tons. There are 244 miles of railroad and 1,170 miles of telegraphlines.

German Southwest Africa. The German Southwest Africa Protectorate has an area estimated at 322,450 square miles, with a population of about 200,000 Hottentots, Bushmen, Damaras, and Bantus. The number of Europeans on Jan. 1, 1901, was 3,388, of whom 2,104 were Germans, including 761 soldiers, besides whom a native force has been organized and trained. The Governor in 1902 was Col. Leutwein. A German company has commercial and mining privileges in the coast districts of Namaqualand and Damaraland, and in the north an Anglo-German company has obtained concessions. Refugee Boers have settled on grazing lands in the northeast. The German Government offers to advance 4,000 marks without interest to establish German settlers on the land. The Damaras have great herds of cattle and flocks of sheep and goats. Johannesburg capitalists have undertaken to develop copper, graphite, and asbestos deposits. The imports consist of provisions, iron manufactures, and textiles, and in 1899 amounted to 8,941,000 marks; the exports, consisting of live animals, guano, wax, feathers, etc., amounted to 1,399,478 marks. The expenditure for 1903 is estimated at 9,458,900 marks, to which the Imperial Government contributes 7.634,900 marks.

SOUTH CAROLINA. STATES.)

(See under UNITED

SOUTH CAROLINA INTERSTATE AND WEST INDIAN EXPOSITION. This was held in Charleston, S. C., from Dec. 1, 1901, to June 1, 1902. It had for its special objects the establishment of new industries and commerce in the South; the opening up of new foreign markets, particularly in the West Indies; the development of American culture of silk and tea; the promotion of Southern manufactures of cotton and iron; the establishing of new steamer lines from Charleston, the central seaport of the great Southeast; and the presentation to the world of the resources and attractions of the territory along the Southem seaboard.

Organization.-A resolution approving the project of holding such an exposition in Charleston was passed by the General Assembly of South Carolina in January, 1900, and a year later an act appropriating $50,000 for the purpose of erecting a State building on the exposition grounds and making a complete display of the products and resources of the State was unanimously adopted. Soon afterward the Governor of the State appointed a special commission of five members to direct the State exhibit. Meanwhile, the City Council of Charleston appropriated $50,000 in aid of the exposition. A company was organized, with a capital stock of $250,000, of which the officers were as follow: President, F. W. Wagener; vice-president, W. H. Welch; treasurer, Samuel H. Wilson; director-general, John H. Averill; assistant director-general, Algar M. Wheeler; general counsel, John F. Ficken; general auditor, P. J. Balaguer; manager of publicity and promotion, J. C. Hemphill; manager of exhibits and conces sions, E. L. Tessier, Jr.; manager of law and leg. islation, John F. Ficken; manager of admissions and collections, H. J. Fleming; manager of negro department, Booker T. Washington; manager of live-stock department, George F. Weston; presi dent of woman's department, Mrs. Sarah Calhoun Simonds.

Location.-A tract of 250 acres about two miles from the business center of Charleston was chosen as the site of the exposition. It included the old Washington race-course and an old plantation settled in colonial days, which had become the property of the president of the Exposition Company. The slightly rolling country lent itself readily to varied and artistic effects, and the live-oaks with their pendants of Spanish moss formed a feature that was specially attractive. The groves and green slopes of the Wagener farm provided a permanent background for the architect and landscape gardener to work upon. The grounds were easily accessible from the city by the electric railway system, and on the west side by means of Ashley river, to which the grounds extended.

Buildings. Owing to the happy shape of the irregular tract constituting the site, it was possible to divide the grounds into a Natural Section and an Art Section, with the Administration Building marking the separation of the two. In the Natural Section were the Art Palace, the Transportation and Machinery Building, the Woman's Building, and the Negro Building, all shaded by century-old live-oaks, besides the Ave nue of States and Cities, including the State buildings from New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland. Illinois, Missouri, and city buildings from Philadelphia and Cincinnati, and also Lake Juanita. covering 30 acres, over which extended the main bridge with its electrical booth and fountain. T the west were the breakwater and the building de voted to the fisheries exhibit made by the Go ernment. To the east and south of the Admin