make treaties, subject to the ratifying vote of twothirds of the Senate, has power to veto acts of Congress, which can be passed over the veto by a two-third majority in each House, commissions the officers of the army and navy, and appoints the civil officials of the Government, subject to confirmation by the Senate. The Vice-President is ex officio President of the Senate, and in case of the death, resignation, or removal of the President he succeeds to the powers of the latter during the remainder of the term. The President and VicePresident are elected for four years by colleges of electors chosen in each State in such manner as the Legislature prescribes, which is in every State by popular suffrage, their number in each State being equal to the number of Senators and Representatives of the State in Congress. It has become the custom of political parties to nominate in national convention their candidates for President and Vice-President, and the electors, chosen in each State on a collective ticket, are accustomed to vote solidly for the candidates designated by their party beforehand. Thus the election of the President and Vice-President is effected in reality, though not in form, by the direct vote of the nation. The presidential term is four years. Powers not delegated by the Constitution to the Federal Government are reserved to the States. Congress has power to legislate in matters of and pertaining to Federal taxation, treaties, and other dealings with foreign powers, the army, the navy, to a certain extent the militia, foreign and interstate commerce, the postal service, coinage, weights and measures, and crimes against the United States. Every State has an elected Governor at the head of the executive and a Legislature composed of two Houses, both elective. The revenues of the State governments are derived from direct taxes on real property or on both real and personal property, while Congress is forbidden in the Constitution to levy direct taxes save in proportion to population. Personal and property rights, the civil and criminal law, education, the public health, charities, the control of corporations, are matters of State legislation.

The President of the United States for the term ending March 4, 1905, is Theodore Roosevelt, of New York, born in 1858, who was elected VicePresident in 1900 and succeeded to the presidency on the death of President William McKinley, Sept. 14, 1901. The Cabinet at the beginning of 1902 was composed as follows: Secretary of State, John Hay, of Indiana, appointed in 1898; Secretary of the Treasury, Lyman Judson Gage, of Illinois, first appointed on March 5, 1897; Secretary of War, Elihu Root, of New York, appointed on July 21, 1899; Secretary of the Navy, John Davis Long, of Massachusetts, first appointed on March 5, 1897; Secretary of the Interior, Ethan Allen Hitchcock, of Missouri, appointed in January, 1899; Postmaster-General, Charles Emory Smith, of Pennsylvania, appointed on Dec. 18, 1901; Attorney-General, Philander Chase Knox, of Pennsylvania, appointed on April 5, 1901; Secretary of Agriculture, James Wilson, of Iowa, first appointed on March 5, 1897.

On Jan. 9, 1902, Gov. Shaw of Iowa was appointed Secretary of the Treasury on the resignation of Secretary Gage. Leslie Mortimer Shaw was born in Morristown, Vt., Nov. 2, 1848, went to Iowa with his parents when a child, entered Cornell College in that State at the age of twentythree, earned his living while studying, read law, practised in Denison, became president of the banks of Denison and Marietta, was drawn into politics by the currency issue in 1896, in the following year was elected Governor, was nominated

by acclamation and reelected, and was serving his second term when called into the Cabinet.

On Jan. 9, 1902, Henry C. Payne, of Wisconsin, was appointed Postmaster-General. He was born in Ashfield, Mass., Nov. 23, 1843, was educated at Shelburne Falls Academy, went to Milwaukee in 1863, was cashier in a dry-goods store at first, became active in the commercial development of electricity and in syndicating electric railroads and telephones, and was also an energetic political leader and manager in his State, served as postmaster of Milwaukee for ten years, and was a delegate to the National Republican Conventions in 1888 and 1892.

On April 29, 1902, William H. Moody, of Massachusetts, succeeded Mr. Long as Secretary of the Navy. He was born in Newbury, Mass., Dec. 23, 1853, graduated at Phillips Academy, Andover, in 1872, and at Harvard in 1876, studied and prac tised law, was district attorney for the Eastern District of Massachusetts from 1890 to 1895, was first elected member of Congress for the Sixth District of Massachusetts in 1895, and was a member of the House when he received his appoint

ment.

Area and Population. The land area of the States and Territories is 2,939,000 square miles, exclusive of the Indian Territory, which has 31,000 square miles, and Alaska, which has 531,000 square miles, and the Territory of Hawaii, which has an area of 6,640 square miles, making the total area 3,507,640 square miles, which does not include Territories belonging to but not a part of the United States-the insular possessions, Porto Rico, with an area of 3,600 square miles; the Philippine and Sulu Islands, having an area of 114,000 square miles; Guam, having an area of 200 square miles; and Tutuila and Manua, in the Samoan group, which, with smaller islands, have an area of 79 square miles; bringing the total area under the American flag up to 3,625,519 square miles. The States and Territories, according to the census of 1900, have a population of 75,602,515, exclusive of 392,060 in the Indian Territory, 63,592 in Alaska, 154,001 in Hawaii, and 91,219 soldiers, etc., abroad, increasing the total to 76,303,387, which the population of the insular possessions not incorporated in the United States increases further to 85,271,730. The population of the North Atlantic division, comprising Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, total area 162,065 square miles, had in 1900 a population of 21,046,695, compared with 17,406,969 in 1890; Delaware, Maryland, the District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, forming the South Atlantic division of States, area 268,620 square miles, had 10,443,480, compared with 8,857,922; Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas, grouped as the North Central division, area 753,550 square miles, had 26,333,004 inhabitants in 1900, against 22,410,417 in 1890; the South Central division, comprising Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, area 579,215 square miles, had 13,687,987, against 10,989,959 at the former census; and Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and California, constituting the Western division, area 1,175,550 square miles, had 4,091,349 in 1900, compared with 3,102,269 in 1890.

The number of cities of 25,000 or more inhabitants in 1900 was 159, having increased from 124 since 1890, and the number of people living in

emies, 558,740; private academies, 177,260; State universities and colleges, 36,201; private universities and colleges, 79,070; public professional schools, 10,360; private professional schools, 50,804; State normal schools, 43,372; private training-schools for teachers, 20,030; city evening schools, 203,000; private business colleges, 110,031; reform schools, 25,327; public deaf and dumb schools, 10,849; private schools for deaf and dumb, 494; public schools for feeble-minded, 11, 149; private schools for feeble-minded, 468; Government Indian schools, 23,077; schools in Alaska, 3,356; private orphan asylums and other benevolent institutions, about 15,000; private kindergartens, about 95,000; art, music, elocution, cookery, etc., about 50,000. In both private and public graded schools and universities the total number of persons receiving instruction was 17,841,560; in special educational institutions, 17,862,780. The professional schools comprised 150 theological seminaries, with 988 professors and 7,567 students, of whom 181 were women; 100 law schools, with 1,106 professors and tutors and 13,642 students, of whom 170 were women; 123 medical schools, with 3,876 lecturers and instructors and 24,199 students, besides 21 homeopathic colleges, with 639 professors and 1,812 students; 57 dental colleges, with 1,184 instructors and 8,308 students; 58 schools of pharmacy, with 522 instructors and 4,429 students; 448 training-schools for nurses, with 11,599 students; and 12 veterinary schools, with 189 instructors and 461 students. An order was issued by the War Department in August providing for military instruction in the colleges and schools. Any school, college, or university that will undertake to maintain 100 of its scholars under military instruction will have one of the 100 officers of the United States army detailed for the purpose to instruct the students in the same way as soldiers of the regular army, and the Government will furnish rifles and ammunition and a limited number of field-guns for practise in firing.

men.

The Army. The legal strength of the United States army as fixed by the act of Congress approved on Feb. 2, 1901, is 15 regiments of cavalry, 750 officers and 12,620 enlisted men; 30 batteries of field and 126 companies of coast-artillery, 651 officers and 17,742 enlisted men; 30 regiments of infantry, 1,500 officers and 25,345 enlisted men; 3 battalions of engineers, 1,282 enlisted men commanded by officers detailed from the corps of engineers; and the staff corps, Military Academy, Indian scouts, recruits, etc., 2,877 enlisted The total enlisted strength is 59,866 and the number of officers on the active list is 3,820. There were 100 officers and about 5,000 men in the Philippine native scouts and a Porto Rican regiment with 31 officers and 554 men, both bodies since disbanded. The army in the Philippines has been reduced from 40,000 to 17,000 men. The army act limits the enlisted strength of the United States army to 100,000 men. Recruits must be between eighteen and thirty-five years of age, of good physique, of good character, temperate, not less than 5 feet 4 inches in height, between 120 and 190 pounds in weight for infantry and under 165 pounds for cavalry and field-artillery, and able to speak and write English.

The National Guard of the States and Territories at the end of 1902 had 1,791 general and staff officers, 4,951 cavalry, 6,671 artillery, and 96,808 infantry. These numbers include 151 Indian Territory militia, 495 Hawaiian National Guards, 48 Guam volunteers, 600 Porto Rican militia, and 73 Samoan volunteers. The State appropriations amount to the annual sum of

$2,639,150. The number of militia authorized is 183,596. The total population liable to military service is 8,727,500.

The Navy. The United States navy, completed and building or authorized, consists of 19 first-class battle-ships, 1 of the second class, 10 armored cruisers, 6 double-turret monitors, 4 single-turret monitors for harbor defense, 5 old monitors with low freeboard, 1 ram for port defense, 23 protected steel cruisers, 4 unprotected steel cruisers, 12 unarmored steel gunboats, 5 light-draft gunboats, 6 unarmored composite gunboats, 1 despatch boat, 1 dynamite cruiser, 1 training-ship, 16 destroyers, 36 twin-screw torpedo-boats, 8 submarine boats, 22 steam-vessels of the old navy, 13 wooden sailing vessels, 40 steam-propellers, 21 gunboats under 500 tons captured from Spain, and 5 auxiliary cruisers. 23 yachts, 16 colliers, and 11 special vessels purchased during the Spanish War; total number of vessels, 310, of which 223 were fit for service at the end of 1902, while 24 were not fit for sea service and 63 were not yet built or not completed. The newest battle-ships, costing from $3,000,000 to $4,000,000 apiece, have a displacement of 15,000 or 16,000 tons, engines of 16,000 to 19,000 horse-power, a speed of 18 or 19 knots, and carry 4 12-inch, 8 8-inch, and 12 6-inch guns in the main battery, the last rapid-firing, and in the secondary battery 12 3-inch, 12 threepounder, 8 one-pounder, and 2 3-inch field, 2 machine, and 6 automatic quick-firers. The Connecticut and Louisiana, of 16,000 tons, will have 7-inch breech-loaders instead of 6-inch rapid-fire guns in the main battery and the auxiliary armament will consist of 20 3-inch rapid-fire, 12 semiautomatic three-pounder, 2 field, and 8 machine guns. The armored cruisers, which cost as much as the battle-ships, have been increased in size to 14,500 tons in the latest development, with engines of 23,000 horse-power, giving a minimum speed of 22 knots, and their armament has usually been 4 8-inch breech-loaders and 14 6-inch quick-firers in the main battery and 18 3-inch, 12 three-pounder, and numerous smaller guns. The Tennessee and Washington, authorized by Congress on July 1, 1902, will have the most pow erful armaments of any cruisers, with the best protection, and a cruising radius of 6,500 miles at 10 knots and 3,100 miles at 22 knots. hull will be protected by a 5-inch belt tapering at stem and stern to 3-inch thickness and extending from 5 feet below the water-line to the upper deck, while the guns will be protected at the base with 5-inch bulkheads uniting with the barbettes to form a citadel. The armored deck will be 1 inch on top and 3 and 4 inches on the slopes. The armament will consist of 4 10-inch guns in balanced turrets within 7-inch barbettes, 16 6-inch quick-firers, four of them on the main deck in armored casemates, the others in a broadside battery on the gun-deck, 22 3-inch quick-firers on the broadside of both decks, 12 semiautomatic three-pounders and 2 one-pounders, 2 quick-firing one-pounders, 3 field-guns, and 8 machine and automatic guns. For the quick-firing battery 7 rounds can be served every minute.

The

The United States navy is manned by 1,346 commissioned officers, 461 warrant officers, and 25,258 men. The marine corps consists of 212 officers and 6,000 men.

Pensions. There were drawing pensions on July 1, 1902, 4 widows and 4 daughters of soldiers of the Revolutionary War: 1 survivor and 1.317 widows of soldiers of the War of 1812; 903 survivors and 3,320 widows of soldiers who fought in the early Indian wars; 6,828 survivors and

8,017 widows of soldiers of the Mexican War; 277,965 army invalids, 87,046 army widows, 634 army nurses, 4,360 navy invalids, and 2,263 navy widows pensioned under the general laws on account of services after March 4, 1861; 426,118 army invalids, 148,201 army widows, 15,953 navy invalids, and 6,977 navy widows pensioned under the act of June 27, 1899; and 6,282 army invalids, 2,727 army widows, 329 navy invalids, and 127 navy widows of the war with Spain; total number of pensioners, 999,446. The amounts paid out during the year in pensions were $136,742,567 to 994,751 pensioners in the States and Territories, $11,845 to 86 pensioners in the insular possessions, and $646,329 to 4,695 pensioners outside of the United States.

Patents. During the year ending Dec. 31, 1901, there were 43,973 applications for mechanical patents, 2,361 for design patents, 2,410 for trade-marks, 1,064 for registration of labels, 233 for registration of prints, and 115 for reissues of patents. The number of patents issued was 27,292; reissued, 81; trade-marks registered, 1,928; labels, 878; prints, 878. The number of patents that expired was 19,147. There were 8,360 applications allowed that awaited the payment of fees, and 4,111 were forfeited for non-payment. There were granted under international treaties 1,045 patents to Germans, 986 to Englishmen, 376 to Canadians, 306 to French citizens, 156 to Austro-Hungarians, 56 to Swiss citizens, 55 to Scots, 54 to Belgians, 53 to Swedes, 37 to Italians, 35 to Victorians, 29 to Russians, 25 to Irishmen, 25 to New Zealanders, 20 to citizens of New South Wales, 20 to Norwegians, 19 to Netherlanders, 11 to Mexicans, 9 to Transvaalers, 8 to South Australians, Argentinians, and Queenslanders severally, and 37 to other foreigners.

Public Lands.-Out of a total surface of 1,809,539,849 acres in the United States and Alaska 1,119,910,456 acres had been surveyed up to June 30, 1902, and 689,629,384 acres remained unsurveyed, including 368,100,311 acres in Alaska, mountain areas, unsurveyed lakes and rivers, private land claims, unsurveyed school lands and Indian and other reservations. The area of surveyed public lands vacant and subject to entry and settlement on July 1, 1902, was 391,979,307 acres, and of unsurveyed lands 591,976,169 acres; total, 893,955,476 acres. During the fiscal year railroad selections amounted to 4,848,846 acres; road selections, 156,132 acres; State selections, 2,508 acres. No lands were entered under the homestead and timber-culture acts. The forest reserves covered 4,909,880 acres in Alaska, 6,740,410 acres in Arizona, 8,784,009 acres in California, 3,113,180 acres in Colorado, 4,147,200 acres in Idaho, 7,427,320 acres in Montana, 208,902 acres in Nebraska, 3,258,080 acres in New Mexico, 57,120 acres in Oklahoma, 4,596,760 acres in Oregon, 1,177,120 acres in South Dakota, 1,029,760 acres in Utah, 7,036,000 acres in Washington, and 7,690,024 acres in Wyoming. Commerce and Production. The total value of foreign merchandise imported into the United States during the year ending June 30, 1902, was $903,320.948, compared with $823,172,165 in 1901. The total value of domestic exports was $1,355,481,861, compared with $1.460,462,806. Of the imports the value of $56,366,711 was brought in cars and other land vehicles, $102.188.002 in American vessels, and $744,766,235 in foreign vessels. Of the domestic exports the value of $115.967,630 was carried in land vehicles, $81,083,527 in American vessels, and $1,158,430,704 in foreign vessels. The total value of exports, domesVOL. XLII.-43 A

673

tic and foreign, the foreign exports amounting to $26,237,540, was $1,381,719,401; total foreign trade in merchandise, $2,285,040,349, compared with $2,310,937,156 in 1901 and $2,244,424,266 in 1900. Of the domestic exports in 1902 the value of $851,460,312 represents agricultural, $39,075,999 mining, and $403,890,763 manufactured products, the proportion being 62.81, 2.88, and 29.80 per cent. respectively. The total value of imported merchandise free of duty was $396,818,871 and of dutiable merchandise $506,502,077. The values of the various articles and classes of merchandise imported in the fiscal year 1902 were as follow: Chemicals, drugs, and dyes, free of duty, $3,748,670; coffee, $70,982,155; cotton, unmanufactured, $11,712,170; fruits, including nuts, $8,883,426; furs and fur-skins, undressed, $9,787,013; hides and skins, other than fur-skins, free of duty, $40,532,579; india-rubber and gutta-percha, crude, $25,652,977; paper stock, crude, $2,770,255; silk, unmanufactured, $42,635,351; textile grasses and fibrous vegetable substances, free of duty, $28,437,136; tin, $19,461,850; wood, unmanufactured, free of duty, $7,578,065; breadstuffs, $2,034,357; chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines, dutiable, $23,974,952; cotton, manufactures of, $44,460,126; earthen, stone, and chinaware, $9,680,156; flax, hemp, jute, unmanufactured, $3,108,826; flax, hemp, jute, manufactures of, $38,070,205; fruits, including nuts, etc., $12,647,099; furs, manufactures of, $5,836,588; glass and glassware, $6,013,963; hides and skins, other than fur-skins, dutiable, $17,474,039; iron and steel, manufactures of, $26,488,295; jewelry and precious stones, $19,778,934; leather, and manufactures of, $11,377,785; metal, metal compositions, etc., dutiable, $6,223,383; silk, manufactures of, $32,640,242; sugar and molasses and confectionery, $56,142,016; tea, $9,390,128; tobacco leaf, $15,211,671; tobacco, manufactures of, $2,494,822; vegetables, $7,039,835; wines, $8,921,138; wood and manufactures, dutiable, $16,867,534; all other dutiable articles, $130,625,913; all other articles free of duty, $144,274,460; total merchandise imports, $903,320,948.

The values of the exports of merchandise, the produce and manufacture of the United States in 1902 were as follow: Agricultural implements, $16,286,740; animals, $44,871,684; books, maps, engravings, $3,997,977; breadstuffs, $213,134,344; carriages, horse-cars, and cars, $9,872,516; chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines, $13,288,218; clocks and watches, $2,144,490; coal, $20,765,461; copper ore, $2,601,697; copper, manufactures of, $41,218,373; cotton, unmanufactured, $290,651,819; cotton, manufactures of, $32,108,362; fibers, vegetable and textile grasses, $4,575,219; fish, $6,563,199; fruits, including nuts, $8,719,344; furs and fur-skins, $5,030,204; hops, $1,550,657; iron and steel, and manufactures of, $98,552,562; leather, and manufactures of, $27,798,323; naval stores, $11,733,562; oil-cake and oil-cake meal, $19,943,198; oils, animal, $910,697; oils, mineral, crude, $6,084,818; oils, refined or manufactured, $66,218,004; oils, vegetable, $15,308,633; paper, and manufactures of, $7,312,030; paraffin and paraffin wax, $8,858.844; provisions, comprising meat and dairy-products, $199,861,378; seeds, $8,027,824; sugar and molasses, $3,237,329; tobacco, unmanufactured, $27,103,996; tobacco, manufactures of, $5,668,853; vegetables, $2,546,287; wood, and manufactures of, $47,779,848; all other articles, $82.506,670; total, domestic merchandise, $1.355,481,861.

The imports of raw sugar were 3,031,915,875 pounds, valued at $55,061,097; of hides and skins, 326,124,103 pounds, valued at $58,006,618; of coffee, 1,091,004,252 pounds; of rubber and gutta