the British Government have adopted a policy with regard to duties on breadstuffs which the right honorable gentleman and his colleagues have repeatedly declared during the last five or six years was absolutely impossible of adoption by the mother country in the near future."

In his reply Sir Wilfrid Laurier deprecated the idea of any discourtesy, and pointed out that the subjects referred to would all be discussed apart from his Government's expression of opinion as to the value of such discussion. As to imperial defense especially, both he and his colleagues felt that no useful purpose could be served by debating it. "If it be intended simply to discuss what part Canada is prepared to take in her own defense, what share of the burden must fall upon us as being responsible for the safety of the land in which we were born and to which we owe our allegiance, in which all our hopes and affections are centered, certainly we are always prepared to discuss that subject. Nor do I believe that we need any prompting on that subject, or that our attention should be specially called to it." But this was not imperial defense as now much mooted. "There is a school abroad, there is a school in England and in Canada, a school which is perhaps represented on the floor of this Parliament, which wants to bring Canada into the vortex of militarism, which is the curse and the blight of Europe. I am not prepared to indorse any such policy."

The conference, as finally constituted, was composed of the Premiers of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Cape Colony, and Natal, with Mr. Chamberlain and certain appointed representatives of colonies still under Colonial Office control. The arrangements made for submission to the various colonial parliaments included plans for contributions to the imperial navy-accepted by all the countries except Canada-and an understanding with Australia as to a future tariff preference for British goods. Upon the subject of a return preference by Great Britain for that granted by Canada in 1898, long discussion took place, and the following is a summary from the official report as issued in the succeeding November:

"From the beginning of the proceedings the Canadian ministers have claimed that, in consideration of the substantial preference given by Canada for some years to the products of the mother country, Canadian food products should be exempted in the United Kingdom from the duties recently imposed. Representation to this effect previously made through the High Commissioner for Canada were supplemented by the ministers both in writing and in personal interviews with the imperial ministers. Mr. Chamberlain, in behalf of the Imperial Government, was unable to agree to proposals of the Canadian Government, and while highly appreciating the good feeling manifested by Canada in the granting of preferential treatment, did not think its material advantages to the trade of the United Kingdom were as great as the Canadian ministers claimed. He further said that the change desired by Canada would be an important departure from the established fiscal policy of the United Kingdom, and that if the proposal could be entertained at all, as to which he was not prepared to commit himself, it would be necessary for Canada to offer some material tariff concessions beyond those which she has already voluntarily given. The Canadian ministers pointed out that the Canadian tariff was by no means prohibitive; that large quantities of goods were imported, and that a great proportion of these came from for

eign countries. In any lines in which there was a reasonable probability that these goods could be manufactured in Great Britain, it might be possible so to readjust duties as to give an additional advantage to the British manufacturer, and thus turn over to him a volume of trade the profits of which now go to foreign countries. This readjustment might be brought about in any or all of the following ways: 1. In some cases by the reduction of duties now imposed on British goods, where such reduction might be made without injustice to any Canadian industry. 2. By the transfer of some articles from the free list to the dutiable list at such rates as would give substantial preference to the British manufacturer, instead of leaving him, as at present, on even terms with the foreign competitor as respects such articles. 3. By imposing a small duty as respects foreign goods on some articles now on the free list, while allowing them to continue free as respects British imports. 4. In some cases possibly by an increase in the duty of foreign articles, thus increasing the amount of the preference on British goods. crease on foreign articles could, however, only be justified where the market could be supplied by the British manufacturer at the preferential rates of duty. The Canadian ministers said that if they could be assured that the Imperial Government would accept the principle of preferential trade generally, and particularly grant to the food products of Canada in the United Kingdom exemption from duties now levied, they, the Canadian ministers, would be prepared to carry on the discussion on the lines above mentioned and endeavor to give to the British manufacturer an increased advantage over his foreign competitor in the markets of Canada."

Such in

The Alaskan Boundary.-This question was fitfully discussed in the press and by publicists in 1902, although no serious developments arose. Speaking in the House of Commons on Feb. 11, 1901, Sir Wilfrid Laurier had declared that the Americans have "taken such an attitude that it seems almost impossible to reconcile the two op posing views." He hoped, however, that if an honorable settlement could not be reached, an honorable compromise might still be effected. In the meantime, and in view of the further complications that might arise at any moment from fresh discoveries of gold, "we have agreed on a provisional boundary which will serve as a boundary so long as the question remains unsettled, and that provisional boundary has been settled by geographers of the two countries." In answer to an inquiry from Mr. R. L. Borden, the Premier said that the agreement was "in the nature of a compromise between the respective positions taken by the two parties." On April 16, in the course of a discussion upon Yukon matters in committee, Mr. Sifton, Minister of the Interior, made the following statement regarding international arrangements and the position at the moment: "As to the portion of the territory which lies contiguous to Alaska, there is a provisional boundary-line agreed to between the two governments, and that line, wherever necessary, has been laid down upon the ground by commissioners appointed by the parties. Our commissioner and the commissioner of the United States went up last season and laid out the boundary-line at the only place practically necessary-that is, across the Dalton trail to Pyramid Harbor. Under the terms of the provisional arrangement, the summit of the White pass, which was also used by travelers before the railway was opened, is considered to be the provi

sional boundary-line. So we have at all the passes where travel is possible, a fixed provisional boundary-line, and there can be no difficulty about administration."

The Prime Minister, on May 6, in connection with a question asked by Mr. E. G. Prior, said that the point of difference between the American and the Canadian governments was, as to where the Portland channel referred to in the Anglo-Russian treaty really is. "They want to make it run up Observatory inlet, and then to the west, making out that Observatory inlet is only a small inlet running into the interior. We, on the other hand, contend that Portland channel is as it is described on the map of Vancouver, on which the treaty of 1825 seems to have been based, namely, all that channel of water which runs west of Pearse island."

The Fourth Census.-Details of the Dominion census taken in 1901, under the auspices of Archibald Blue and Thomas Cote, were published in 1902. The population of Canada, which numbered 3,635,024 in 1871, 4,324,810 in 1881, and 4,833,239 in 1891, was announced as being 5,369,262 in 1901. The only province that showed a decrease was Prince Edward Island-from 109,078 to 103,259. The largest numerical increase was in Quebec, which rose from 1,488,535 to 1.648,898; the largest proportional increase was in the Northwest Territories and Yukon, which had grown from 98,967 to 211,649. Ontario increased slightly, from 2,114,321 to 2,182,947; Nova Scotia, from 450,396 to 459,574; New Brunswick, from 321,263 to 331,120. Manitoba grew from 152,506 to 254,947, and British Columbia from 98,173 to 177,272. The increase in city and town population was marked all over the country. In 1891 the rural districts had 3,296,141 inhabitants, and in 1901 3,349,065, while the urban growth was from 1,537,098 to 2,020,601. It was distributed as follows:

According to religions or sects there were 142 divisions recorded and classified. Only 5 had more than 100,000. The population showed a total of 2.460,471 males in 1891 and 2.372,768 females, while in 1901 there were 2,751,473 males and 2,619,578 females.

Immigration. The immigration arrivals in Canada for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, were 26,388 from the United States; 17.259 from the British Isles; 6,870 from Austria, including Galicia; 3,759 from Russia and Finland; 2,451 from Scandinavia; 1,048 from Germany; 1.048 from Hungary; 654 from France and Belgium; from miscellaneous nations 7,902; and constituted a total of 67,379. The figures showed an increase of 18,230 over the previous year, made up as follows: Britain, 5,449; United States, 8,401; Continent of Europe, 4,380.

Militia and Defense.-According to figures furnished the Minister of Militia and Defense for his annual report dated March 12, 1902, and supplied by Col. Lord Aylmer, adjutant-general, the regimental establishment of the active militia Dec. 31, 1901, was 38,090 officers, non-com

missioned officers, and men; the number ordered to drill during the year was 35,437; and the total number trained or partly trained was 30,262. The number of officers and men participating in the royal review by the Duke of Cornwall and York at Quebec was 3,546; at Toronto, 10,801; at Halifax, 3,766. The total appropriation for militia services in the year ending June 30, 1901, was $3,097,752, with pensions for the Northwest rebellion, the Fenian raids, and the troubles of 1837 amounting to $21,240 additional. The total revenue was $85,470, which included $22,035 from the Royal Military College at Kingston.

Canada and the South African War. The number of troops supplied by the Dominion to aid in the extension of the empire in South Africa was 8,000, and the losses in killed and wounded and by disease were 377. The expenditure by the Canadian Parliament was $2,000,000, and the amount expended by the British War Office in the purchase of Canadian food supplies, etc., was $7,500,000. The terms of peace were signed on May 31, 1902, but on March 31 occurred one of the bravest actions of the war. At Kleinhardts Lieut. Carruthers, of Kingston, Ontario, was in command of a small Canadian rear-guard, and, though attacked on three sides by an enemy of at least 500 in number and by a heavy rifle and shell fire, he held his ground until 17 of his 21 men were killed or wounded and their ammunition was exhausted. This little action saved the day and brought a flood of congratulatory telegrams and British praises to Canada. Lord Roberts cabled to the Governor-General his appreciation of the splendid stand" of the Canadian Mounted Rifles, and Mr. Chamberlain declared that they had maintained the splendid traditions of Canadian valor."

66

Conference of Boards of Trade. This was held in the Parliament buildings at Toronto on June 4-6. It met under the auspices and initiative of the Toronto Board of Trade and its officers-Mr. A. E. Ames, President; Messrs. J. F. Ellis and J. D. Allen, Vice-Presidents; and Mr. Paul Jarvis, Secretary. President Ames was selected as chairman, and Mr. Jarvis was appointed secretary of the conference. In his opening address Mr. Ames referred briefly to the elements of supremacy and success that existed within the British Empire. "It remains, in order that the position of the empire shall be maintained and advanced, that the elements of prosperity, which are all available in large measure, shall be recognized, shall be studied, and shall be safeguarded, and that there shall be intelligent cooperation among the countries interested. I believe no one expects that the delegates have come to this conference with the idea of trying to turn things upside down and trying to have employed any but methods of natural evolution. I take it, however, that the coming together of such an influential body means that you consider that the best method of dealing with problems is not to shirk their discussion, and that nowadays it does not do to drift. I think there is also, underlying this assemblage, the feeling that the brightest day which the British Empire can have will be when Great Britain and the other self-governing countries of the empire all combine in realizing that united, in every sense, they stand; and divided, in any sense, they fall."

After prolonged and important discussion, resolutions were passed in favor of cheaper newspaper rates between Canada and Great Britain; of the removal of the British embargo upon Canadian live cattle; of the extension of the Pa

cific cable scheme so as to create a complete line of British state-owned cables around the globe; of establishing a Canadian commercial depot in London, and of consular agents in other countries; of a fast Atlantic steamship line, and of Government aid to a steam service to South Africa; of a heavier duty on lead products; of increased copyright powers; of the appointment of a railway commissioner and Government encouragement of ship-building industries; of the enactment of an insolvency law; the encouragement of Canadian trade via Canadian ports; and increased aid to transportation facilities. The following resolution was also passed: "That in the opinion of the conference it is the duty of the Dominion, as an important division of the empire, to participate in the cost of the general defense of said empire, and therefore that an annual appropriation should be provided in the Dominion budget for this purpose, to be expended as the Dominion Government may direct."

Another resolution was passed in favor of preferential trade as follows: "That this conference is of opinion that Great Britain can best serve the interests of the empire by giving the products of her colonies a preference in her markets as against the products of foreign countries, it being believed that such preference would stimulate trade and at the same time benefit Great Britain by largely freeing her from dependence upon foreign countries for her food supplies; and with that view the Prime Minister of Canada is hereby requested to urge at the imperial conference the securing of a royal commission, composed of representatives from Great Britain and the colonies, to investigate conditions and to suggest such preferential treatment of imports from the various parts of the empire as shall be best calculated to insure the fullest benefits."

Railways. The twenty-first annual report of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company for the year ending June 30, 1902, was preceded by a statement of the result of the company's operations during the fiscal year ending June 30. The gross earnings were $37,503,053; working expenses, $23,417,141. The surplus for the year was $7,709,913. The working expenses for the year amounted to 62.44 per cent. of the gross earnings, and the net earnings to 37.56 per cent., compared with 60.75 and 39.25 per cent. respectively in 1901. The earnings per passenger per mile were 1.75 cent, and per ton of freight per mile 6.75 cents, against 1.93 and 6.70 cents respectively in 1901. Four-per-cent. consolidated debenture stock to the amount of £650,000 was created and sold on account of the construction of branch lines authorized, and for the purpose of acquiring first-mortgage bonds, on which the interest is guaranteed by the company, of the Mineral Range Railroad Company, the Columbia and Western Railway Company, and the British Columbia Southern Railway Company.

The sales of the company's lands in the year amounted to 1,362,852 acres for $4,442,136, an average price of $3.26 an acre, and the cash receipts enabled the directors to redeem and cancel 5-per-cent. land bonds to the face value of $1,401,400, leaving in the hands of the public at the end of the fiscal year $1,430,000 of these bonds, all of which have since been called for redemption and cancellation.

The statement of the Grand Trunk Railway Company for the half year ending June 30, 1902, showed gross receipts of £2,377,201 and working expenses of £1.603,612, leaving net traffic receipts of £773,589. To this latter amount cer

tain other sums were added, which increased the total to £875,175. Deducting charges for interest, the sum of £255,635 was left as available for the payment of dividends. The receipts from passengers were £601,469; from mails and express, £106,314; from freight and live stock, £1,597,954; from miscellaneous sources, £71,464-a total of £2,377,201 or $11,886,005. The number of passengers carried was 3,525,855, and the tons of freight and live stock were 5,675,338. On maintenance of way and structures £242,466 were spent; on maintenance of equipment, £436,063; on conducting transportation, £853,633; on general expenses and taxes, £71,450. Four-percent. debenture stock to the amount of £411,003 was issued during the half year as part provision for the repayment of £522,200 Northern Railway 5-per-cent. bonds, and £85,600 of Montreal and Champlain bonds were repaid. Sir Charles Rivers-Wilson, the president, concluded his statement on Oct. 1 by saying that 'the cost of operation has been reduced, increased dividends are available for distribution, and additions to capital have been maintained within the most reasonable limits."

By the completion of the line between Port Arthur and Winnipeg the Canadian Northern Railway took rank this year as the fourth system in Canada in point of mileage.

The company completed this year an extension of the Carman branch 19.8 miles west of Carman. The company also owns the Winnipeg Great Northern Railway's line of 40 miles from a point near Winnipeg to St. Laurent, Manitoba, which was built some years ago, but has not been operated.

Mackenzie, Mann & Co.'s system also includes the Inverness and Richmond Railway in Nova Scotia, of which 61 miles are in operation—giving them a total of 1,304.7 miles in operation.

The report of the Railway Commission is an elaborate document submitted to the Government on Feb. 10, 1899, by Mr. S. J. McLean after careful investigation, but not made public until 1902. The commissioner gave his conclusions regarding the possible establishment of an independent railway commission in Canada; and the Minister of Railways announced in Parliament that a bill substantially embodying the commissioner's plan would be introduced next year.

Trade and Commerce.-The foreign trade of Canada for 1902 exceeded all records. The exports of home produce were as follow: Mines, $34,947,574; fisheries, $14,058,070; forests, $32,119,429; animals and their produce, $59,245,433; agriculture, $37,152,688; manufactures, $18.462,970; miscellaneous, $32,599; total, $196,019,763.

There was a gain over 1901 in everything but the products of the mine. The increase in agricultural exports was very marked, and was partly attributable to the shipment of war supplies. Canadian exports to and imports from the countries with which the Dominion had the largest dealings in 1902 were as follow:

The noteworthy increase in Canadian exports to Great Britain and the United States since 1897 is shown in the increase of the former from $69,533,852 to $109,348,245, and of the latter from $39,717,057 to $66,566,835. Similarly, imports increased $20,000,000 in amount from Great Britain and $63,000,000 from the United States. Shipping.-Canada stands eighth in the point of ownership of vessel tonnage among the nations of the earth, leading Spain, Sweden, Holland, Denmark, Greece, Japan, Turkey, and other countries. Great Britain heads the list, the United States being second, then Germany, Norway, France, Italy, Russia, and Canada. The marine departmental report for 1901 showed that the total number of vessels remaining on the register books of the Dominion Dec. 30, 1901, including old and new vessels, sailing vessels, steamers, and barges, was 6,792, measuring 664,483 tons register tonnage an increase of 57 vessels and an increase of 4,949 tons register compared with 1900. The number of steamers on the registry books on the same date was 2,177, with a gross tonnage of 297,421 tons. The number of new vessels built and registered in the Dominion of Canada in 1901 was 335, measuring 34,481 tons register tonnage.

Fisheries. The export of fish from the Dominion in 1900 amounted to $10,720,352. The total value produced, as shown by the annual report of the Fisheries Department for 1901, was $21,557,639, a decrease of $334,067 from the previous year. Divided among the provinces, the production was as follows: Nova Scotia, $7,809,152; British Columbia, $4,878,820; New Brunswick, $3,769,742; Quebec, $1,989,279; Ontario, $1,330,294; Prince Edward Island, $1,059,193; Manitoba and the territories, $718,159. Salmon led in the list of the value of fish taken, the fig ures being $3,893,217, cod being set down for $3,614,775, lobsters for $3,055,350, herring for $1,853,237, and mackerel for $1,549,448. None of the other fish reached the million-dollar mark. In the halibut fishery on the Pacific coast a growth in value of $130,000 was noted in a total of $405,963. The capital invested in the industry was $10,990,125. The lobster plant was valued at $1,419,100, while the British Columbia salmon industry was credited with establishments valued at $1,420,000. Altogether, about 80,000 men were employed, at least for a part of their time, in the work of the fisheries, and made use of 1,200 schooners, 38,930 boats, and 6.295,000 fathoms of net. The total expenditure by the Marine and Fisheries Department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, amounted to $1,527,830.53. The expenditure for maintenance of lighthouse and coast service amounted to $505.436.08; construction, $73,376.08; total, $578,812.72; while for the previous year the expenditure for lighthouse and coast service, including construction, was $516,494.40, showing an increase of expenditure of $62,318.

Mines. According to the Geological Survey report for 1901, the production of metallic minerals included: Copper, to the extent of $6,600,104; gold from the Yukon, $18,000,000; gold (all other), $6,462,222; iron ore, $762,284; pig iron from Canadian ore, $1,212,113; lead, $2,199,784; nickel, $4,594,523; silver, $2,993,668; a total of $42,824.698.

In non-metallic minerals the production in cluded actinolite to the value of $3.126; arsenic, $41.676; asbestos and asbestic, $1,186,434; chromite (exports), $25,444; coal, $14,671,122; coke, $1,264,360; corundum, $53,115; feldspar, $4,710; fire-clay, $5,920; graphite, $28,880; grindstones,

$55,690; gypsum, $340,148; limestone, $183,162; manganese ore (exports), $4,820; mica, $160,000; baryta, $3,842; ochers, $16,735; mineral water, $100,000; molding sand, $29,240; natural gas, $312,359; peat, $660; petroleum, $953,415; pyrites, $113,044; salt, $262,328; talc, $842; cement (natural rock), $94,415; cement (Portland), $535,615; granite, $155,000; pottery, $200,000; sands and gravels (exports), $117,465; sewer-pipe, $250,115; slate, $9,980; terra-cotta, pressed brick, etc., $278,671; building material, $4,820,000. The total structural materials and clay products was $6,461,261, and the total of all other non-metallic minerals was $19,821,072.

Agriculture. The value of some Canadian farm-products exported in 1901 showed a phenomenal increase in volume when compared with 1896, such as peas, which had risen from $1,299,491 in the latter year to $2,674,712 in 1901; flour, which had risen from $718,433 in 1896 to $4,015,226 last year; and oats, which in 1896 amounted to $273,861, had risen in 1901 to $2.490,521. In the butter trade the value of the exports in 1901 was $3,295,663, having increased from $1,052,089 in 1896; while from the port of Montreal alone the number of packages carried in cold storage increased from 227,863 in 1900 to 410,893 in 1901. Canadian butter won a better relative place in the markets of the United Kingdom than it had occupied at any previous period. The bacon trade also manifested phenomenal progress. In 1896 the value of the exports of pork, bacon, hams, etc., was only $4,446,884, whereas at the close of the last fiscal year it had risen to $11,829,820. In cheese, while in 1896 the exports were valued at $13,953,571, in 1900 they exceeded $19,800,000, and in 1901 reached $20,690,951.

Criminal Statistics.-The increase of lunacy was 22.76 per cent. in 1901 over the number of cases in 1891, while the population increased but 11.76 per cent. Generally speaking, the country underwent a moral improvement. There was a decrease in crime in Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Manitoba, Ontario, the Yukon, and British Columbia; the territories showed an increased ratio, while Nova Scotia and Quebec showed a small increase. The report of urban crime showed a proportion of 29.80 in every 10,000 inhabitants; the rural, 2.35 in every 10,000. The returns by occupation showed that convictions in the agricultural, commercial, domestic, professional, and laboring classes had decreased. The industrial class only had not improved. England supplied 6.35 per cent. of the persons convicted; Ireland, 2.9 per cent.; Scotland, 1.07 per cent.; Canada, 72.01 per cent.; the United States, 4.04 per cent.; other foreign countries, 16 per cent.; other British possessions, 13 per cent.

The

Liquor Statistics.-The Dominion revenue from excise in the year ending June 30, 1902, was $11,257,485, against $10,423,865 in 1901 and $7,916,483 in 1898. Of the total in 1902, spirits amounted to $5,620,613, malt to $1,077,809, tobacco to $3,563,578, and cigars $897,360. quantity of spirits produced during the year was 3,234,147 proof gallons, against 2,652.708 in 1901. The consumption of spirits per head was 0.796 gallon, compared with 0.765 in 1901, 0.701 in 1900, and 0.740 in 1893. Then there was an export of 151,799 proof gallons, against 87.471 in 1898.

CARNEGIE INSTITUTION. On Jan. 28, 1902, Andrew Carnegie gave an endowment fund of $10,000,000 to the Carnegie Institution. This institution was incorporated on Jan. 4, 1902, “to conduct, endow, and assist investigation in any department of science, literature, or art, and to this end to cooperate with governments, universi

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(d) To give and to di tions in order to rehevi then,

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(f) To purchase land or ert buildings any organization.

(g) To aid institutions when it is pra.... i ble to accomplish the same result by aiding viduals who may or may not be connected w. institutions.

(h) To provide for a general or liberal coq? ». of education

At the same meeting the following appropria tions were authorized: For scientific resear $200,000; for the reserve fund, $100,000; for se ministrative expenses. $50,000; for the publ tion of scientific memoirs and papers, $40,605 It was decided to issue a year-book in Decen be1, 1902, to contain the advisory reports and su } other information regarding the work of the institution as aight be deemed wise.

CHEMISTRY. Chemical Theory.--A con siderable pat of the address of Prof. Janes Dewar as president of the British Association, st Belfast, Sept. 10, was devoted to the discussi of researches concerning extreme cold, the di solute zero, and the liquefaction and cong clation of gases, with which the speaker had been closely associated. The first conception of a zero of temperature is accredited to Amonson, who in 1794 constructed a thermometer scale in we' the zero was placed at a point corresponding with --- 240 of the centigrade scale -" a remarkable a proximation to our modein value for this pol of minus 273 degrees." Amonson's experiment: were verified by Lambert in 1779, who estimate the value of the zero as - 270°. Other timates followed, with widely varying rest,ts. till in 1848, when the whole question took an entirely new form," and Lord Kelvin, appiva 2 the principles underlying Carnot's work on tre Motive Power of Heat, calculated the zero

273° C. It was a great advance to den, vn strate by the application of the laws of thermodynamies not only that the zero of temperature is a reality, but that it must be located at 273" below the freezing-point of water. As no one has at tempted to impugn the solid foundation of theor and experiment on which Lord Kelvin based as thermodyn nie scale, the existence of a definate zero of temperature must be acknowledged as a fundamental scientific fact." Systematic exper ments in the production of extreme cold traced from the production of liquid carbon.. acid by Thilorier in large quantities and les discovery, in 1835, that the liquid could be froz. into a snow by its own evaporation. A very important step in the investigation Bakerian lecture of Andrews, in 1869 on The Cor tinuity of the Gaseous and Liquid States of Mat ter, in which the critical temperature and the lations of pressure were defined and experien tal proof was given that "the gaseous and lign. states are only distinct stages of the same con tion of matter, and are capable of passing in one another by a process of continuous change

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Van der Waals, in his essay On the Continuity of the Gaseous and Liquid States, gave equation of continuity," involving the relation of pressure, temperature, and volume; molecula