Our greatest historian, Parkman, lives only in his imperishable books; but leaving him out, there has never been an American historian equal to the best living writers in training, in conception of what historical research means, in discrimination, in insight, or in genuine historical style. Where are the poets to replace Lowell and Longfellow and Whittier? Where are the essayists to equal Emerson? Where the novelists to measure height with Hawthorne? Yet in historical writing the authors of the golden age give way to the present American School in popularity among readers, and in usefulness to scholars; and perhaps some day a new generation of authors may arise to whom the historians of this quarter-century will give God-speed. Acher Our hull Mont huel Mart HARPERS' ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF UNITED STATES HISTORY A. A1, a symbol used in the record of he became director of the Cincinnati ObAmerican and foreign shipping and in Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping, in rating vessels for insurance. Al is the highest. Hence Al is used of the highest mercantile credit, and, colloquially, Al or A No. 1 is equivalent to first-class, first-rate. Abbadie, M. D', royal governor; born about 1710; came to America in 1763 to take charge of a variety of business interests that King Louis XV. had established in New Orleans, and also to exercise the authority of military commander of the province. Owing to the sale of Louisiana to Spain, he was directed in 1764 to turn over his command to a Spanish official. He was a man of noble impulses, had protected the Indians, caused the masters to treat their slaves more kindly, and in many ways had endeared himself to the people of the province. The surrender of his command to those whom he regarded as enemies grieved him so seriously that he died Feb. 4, 1765. See LOUISIANA; NEW ORLEANS. Abbe, CLEVELAND, meteorologist; born in New York, Dec. 3, 1838. He was graduated at the College of the City of New York in 1857; studied astronomy with Brunnow at Ann Arbor, Mich., and with Gould at Cambridge, Mass.; and, after serving four years in the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, spent two years in study at the Nicholas Central Observatory at Pulkowa, Russia. In 1868 servatory, and while there began making daily weather reports to the local Chamber of Commerce. The value of this work induced the United States government to establish a similar bureau. He was appointed meteorologist to the UNITED STATES SIGNAL SERVICE (q. v.) in 1871, and in 1879 became meteorologist to the UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU (q. v.). In addition to his duties in this field, he also became editor of the Monthly Weather Review, Professor of Meteorology in Columbian University, Washington, D. C., and Lecturer on Meteorology in Johns Hopkins University. Abbey, EDWIN AUSTIN, painter; born in Philadelphia, April 1, 1852; was educated at the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts, and in 1871 entered the publishing house of Harper & Brothers, for which he went to England in 1878. He became widely noted for his book illustrations, and in 1890 exhibited his first painting, A May Day Morning. He became an associate of the Royal Academy and of the Royal Water Color Society in London, and was an American juror on painting at the Paris Exposition of 1900. The last of his notable works in the United States was the design of a series of paintings illustrating the Holy Grail for the walls of the new Public Library in Boston. In March, 1901, he was commissioned by King Edward VII. to paint the scene of his coronation in Westminster Abbey. enter the British lines as a spy and destroy a number of spars which had been stored at Sorel. For his success in this dangerous exploit and for his bravery in the engagement at Cumberland Head on Sept. 11, 1814, he received a sword of honor from Congress and was commissioned a lieutenant. He was given charge of the pirate ship Mariana in 1818; promoted commander in 1838; and in the following year was given command of the Boston navy-yard. During Commodore commanded the Macedonian, and later was appointed flag-officer of the squadron. He died in Hong-Kong, China, Dec. 14, 1855. Abbot, BENJAMIN, educator; born, "Certainly, sir; that is what I came into 1762. He was graduated at Harvard in the service for." He was then ordered to 1788. Phillips Academy, Exeter, N. H., was conducted by him until 1838. Among his pupils were George Bancroft, Lewis Cass, Edward Everett, John G. Palfry, Jared Sparks, and Daniel Webster. He died in Exeter, N. H., Oct. 25, 1849. Abbot, EZRA, theologian; born in Jackson, Me., April 28, 1819. He was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1840, became associate librarian at Harvard College in 1856, and from 1872 till his death was Professor of New Testament Literature and Interpretation at the Cambridge Perry's expedition to Japan in 1852 Abbot Divinity School. He was a member of the American Committee of New Testament Revisers, was one of the editors of the American edition of Smith's Bible Dic- Abbott, BENJAMIN VAUGHAN, legal tionary, and published numerous works in writer; born in Boston, Mass., June 4, Biblical criticism. He was especially distin- 1830. He was graduated at the New York guished in the line of Greek scholarship. He University in 1850; was admitted to the died in Cambridge, Mass., March 21, 1884. bar two years afterwards; and, after enAbbot, HENRY LARCOM, military engaging in general practice with his brothgineer; born in Beverly, Mass., Aug. 13, er Austin for several years, applied him1831. He was graduated at the United self to a compilation of works on legal States Military Academy in 1854, entered the Corps of Engineers, in which he reached the rank of colonel, and was retired in 1895. In the Civil War he commanded the siege artillery of the armies operating against Richmond, designed the systems of submarine mine defences and of mortar batteries for the government, and was brevetted major-general of volunteers and brigadier-general U. S. A. After his retirement he designed the new harbor at Manitowoc, Wis., and was a member of the Technical Committee of the New Panama Canal Co. His publications in clude Siege Artillery in the Campaign Against Richmond; Experiments to Develop a System of Submarine Mines; and Physics and Hydraulics of the Mississippi, the last in co-operation with General Humphreys. He received the degree of LL.D. from Harvard, and became a member of many scientific societies. Abbot, JOEL, naval officer; born in Westford, Mass., Jan. 18, 1793; entered the navy as midshipman at the beginning of the War of 1812; served first on the frigate President, and next on Lake Champlain with Commodore Macdonough, who when he asked Abbot if he were ready to die for his country received the reply: subjects. Alone, or in conjunction with his brother, he compiled nearly 100 volumes of digests, reports, legal treatises, and other allied works, including Dictionary of Terms in American and English Jurisprudence, National Digest, and a revison of the United States Statutes. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 17, 1890. Abbott, CHARLES CONRAD, naturalist; born in Trenton, N. J., June 4, 1843. He was graduated at the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1865; spent several years in making a valuable collection of archæological specimens, which he presented to the Peabody Museum at Cambridge, Mass.; and was an assistant in that institution in 1876–89. Among his publications are The Stone Age in New Jersey; A Naturalist's Rambles About Home; several volumes on bird life, and a number of novels. Abbott, EDWARD, fourth son of Jacob Abbott, was born July 15, 1841; was graduated at the University of the City of New York in 1860. During 1862 and 1863 he was connected with the Sanitary Commission of the Army of the Potomac. He was a Congregational minister from 1863 to 1878, when he entered the Protestant Episcopal Church. Among his pub lished writings are Paragraph Histories of the Revolution; Revolutionary Times; United States, etc. Abbott, HORACE, manufacturer; born in Sudbury, Mass., July 29, 1806. He built the first rolling-mill in the United States, and supplied the armor plates for the Monitor, Roanoke, Agamenticus, Monadnock, etc. Outlook, formerly The Christian Union. An Anglo-American Understanding.— Dr. Abbott in 1898 suggested the following as the basis of an Anglo-American understanding: University of the City of New York in 1853; was admitted to the bar there, and for a time practised in partnership with his brothers Benjamin Vaughan and Austin. Subsequently he studied theology with his uncle, John Stevens Cabot, and was ordained as a Congregational minister in 1860. He was secretary of the Freedmen's Commission in 1865-68; became ediAbbott, JACOB, writer for youth; born tor of the "Literary Record in Harper's in Hallowell, Me., Nov. 14, 1803. He was Magazine, and conductor of the Illusgraduated at Bowdoin College in 1820, and trated Christian Weekly; and for a time at Andover Theological Seminary in 1825. was associated with HENRY WARD From 1825 to 1829 he was Professor of BEECHER (q. v.) in the editorship of The Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in Christian Union. In 1888 he succeeded Amherst College. He chose the pursuit Mr. Beecher as pastor of Plymouth of literature in the attractive and useful Church, Brooklyn. In 1898 he resigned field of affording instruction to the young. and took full editorial charge of The One of the earliest of his almost 200 volumes printed was The Young Christian, issued the year of his gradu tion at Andover. His books are remarkable for their wealth of information, their absolute purity of tone and expression, and for their wonderful attractiveness for the young of both sexes. Few men have done so much for the intellectual and moral training of the young for lives of usefulness as Jacob Abbott. His interest in young people never abated through a long and laborious life. His later years were spent upon the old homestead at Farmington, Me., significantly called "Few Acres," for its area of land was small and it was cultivated and adorned by the hands of its owner. Here he died, Oct. 31, 1879. Abbott, JOHN STEVENS CABOT, histoian; born in Brunswick, Me., Sept. 18, 1805; brother of Jacob; was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1825, and at Andover Seminary; was ordained as a Congregational minister in 1830, and held several pastorates in Massachusetts till 1844, after which he applied himself wholly to literature. Among his notable works are The French Revolution of 1789; The History of Napoleon Bonaparte; Napoleon at St. Helena; The History of Napoleon III.; The History of the Civil War in America; A Romance of Spanish History; and The History of Frederick II.. called Frederick the Great. He died in Fair Haven, Conn., June 17, 1877. Abbott, LYMAN, clergyman and editor; born in Roxbury, Mass., Dec. 18, 1835; third son of Jacob; was graduated at the The American people wisely attach great importance to Washington's "Farewell Address," and give deserved weight to his counsels. Not one of those counsels has been more influential and more safe-guarding than his admonition to his countrymen to avoid entangling alliances with European nations. Yet Americans must not forget that changes wrought by human progress make inapplicable in one century advice which was wise in the preceding century; that if there be peril to a nation in recklessly advancing along strange paths to an unknown future, there is also danger to a nation in fastening itself too firmly to its past traditions, and refusing to itself permission to recognize changes of conditions which necessitate changes of policy. It is because Spain adheres to the traditions of the sixteenth century, and England has from time to time departed from those traditions, using them as a guide towards the future, not as a prohibition to progress, that Spain has sunk from a first-class to a fourth-class power, while England still remains a leader among the nations of the world. When Washington issued his "Farewell Address," the United States was a feeble |