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was published in 1832. Miss Adams was small in stature, very deaf in her old age, fond of strong tea, and an inveterate snuff-taker. She derived very little pecuniary gains from her writings; but her friends established a comfortable annuity for her. She was one of the pioneer literary women of the United States, possessing rare modesty and great purity of character. She died in Brookline, Mass., Nov. 15, 1831. Her remains were the first interred in Mount Auburn Cemetery.

several years the War Department has been engaged in providing for the most thorough fortification of Newport HarLor. In 1894 preliminary plans were completed calling for batteries of sixteen mortars each, to be grouped in sections of four mortars, and provided with a casemate for the gunners, and a wall of sufficient strength to resist hostile attack. Two of these batteries were planned to be erected at Dutch Island and Fort Adams. At both of these points there were already torpedo casements. The new Adams, HENRY, historian; born in Lattery at Fort Adams was designed to Boston, Mass., Feb. 16, 1838; third son assist in fortifying the main entrance to of Charles Francis, 1st; was graduated at Narraganset Bay, while the one at Harvard College in 1858; acted as priDutch Island would aid in resisting the vate secretary to his father while the approach of an enemy through what is latter was American minister to Great called West Passage. Fort Adams Britain, in 1861-68; was Associate Promounts 460 guns, and besides being a fessor of History at Harvard in 1870-77; work of protection for the city and har- and editor of the North American Review bor of Newport, it also protects the in 1870-76. His principal works are, United States torpedo station on Goat Historical Essays; Documents Relating Island, and the training station for naval to New England Federalism; History of apprentices and the Naval War College, the United States from 1801 to 1817 (9 both on Coasters Harbor Island. volumes).

Adams, GEORGE BURTON, educator and historian; born in Vermont in 1851; Professor of History in Yale University. His late works include: Civilization during the Middle Ages; Why Americans Dislike England; The Growth of the French Nation; and European History, an Outline of its Development.

Adams, HANNAH, historian; born in Medfield, Mass., in 1755. By an early fondness for study, which was promoted by her father, a man of literary tastes, she obtained a knowledge of Latin and Greek from some divinity students broading at her father's house before she had arrived at full womanhood. Her father, a shopkeeper, failed in business when she was seventeen years of age, and his children were compelled to help themselves. During the war for independence she supported herself by teaching and lace-making. Miss Adams wrote a History of the Jews, in which she was assisted by the Abbé Grégoire, witn whom she corre sponded. She also wrote a History of New England, published in 1799. She also wrote books on religious subjects; and, in 1814, published a Controversy with Dr. Morse (Rev. Jedidiah). Her autobiography, continued by Mrs. G. G. Lee,

Adams, HENRY A., JR.; born in Pennsylvania in 1833. Graduated at Annapolis in 1851. Took part in the engagement with the forts at the mouth of Canton River, China, in 1854. Was on the Brooklyn at the passage of Forts St. Philip and Jackson in 1862, and also participated in the attack on Fort Fisher. Was highly praised by Admiral Porter in his official despatches.

Adams, HENRY C.; born in Davenport, Ia., 1861. Graduated from Iowa College, 1874. Professor of Political Econony in the University of Michigan since 1887. Director of the division of transportation of the eleventh census; statistician to Interstate Commerce Commission since 1887; president American Economic Association from 1895-97. He has written Lectures on Political Economy; State in Relation to Industrial Action; Public Debts; The Science of Finance.

Adams, HERBERT BAXTER, historian and editor; born in Shutesbury, Mass., April 16, 1850; was graduated at Amherst College in 1872 and at Heidelberg University in 1876; and in 1878-81 was successively Associate Professor and Professor of History in Johns Hopkins University; also in 1878-81 lecturer in Smith

College, Northampton, Mass. He had Adams, ISAAC, inventor; born in been for many years secretary of the Rochester, N. H., in 1803; learned the American Historical Association and edi- cabinet-maker's trade; in 1824 settled in tor of its Reports, editor of the Johns Boston and worked in a machine shop. Hopkins Studies in Historical and Politi. He invented the printing-press to which cal Science, and editor of Contributions his name was given in 1828, and two to American Educational History, pub- years later it was perfected and soon lished by the United States Bureau of came to be generally used. In 1840 he Education. His other publications in- was elected to the Massachusetts Senate. clude a large number of educational and He died in Sandwich, N. H., July 19, historical monographs. 1883.

ADAMS, JOHN

cated, helped to frame, voted for, and signed the Declaration of Independence. and he was a most efficient member of the Board of War from June, 1776,

Paris April 8, 1778, where he found a feud between Franklin and Lee, two other commissioners. He advised intrusting that mission to one commissioner, and Franklin was made sole ambassador. He was appointed minister (1779) to treat with Great Britain for peace, and sailed for France in November. He did not serve as commissioner there, but, in July, 1780, he went to Holland to negotiate a loan. He was also received by the States-General as United States minister, April 19, 1782. He obtained a loan for Congress of $2,000,000, and made a treaty of amity and commerce. He returned to Paris in October, and assisted in negotiating the preliminary treaty of peace. With Franklin and Jay, he negotiated a treaty of commerce with Great Britain; and, in the following winter, he negotiated for another Dutch loan.

Adams, JOHN, second President of the speaker and most useful committee-man United States; from 1797 to 1801; Fed- in the Continental Congress until he was eralist; born in Braintree (near appointed commissioner to France late Quincy), Mass., Oct. 30, 1735. He was in 1777, to supersede Deane. He advograduated at Harvard College in 1755, and immediately afterwards taught school at Worcester, where he began the study of law. His father was in moderate circumstances-a selectman and a farmer. until December, 1777. He reached Beginning the profession of law in Braintree in 1758, he soon acquired a good practice; and, when he was twenty-nine years of age, he married Abigail Smith, an accomplished woman possessed of great common-sense. His first appearance in the political arena was as author of Instructions of the Town of Braintree to its Representatives on the Subject of the Stamp Act, which was adopted by over forty towns. Associated with Gridley and Otis in supporting a memorial addressed to the governor and council, praying that the courts might proceed with out the use of stamps, Adams opened the case by declaring that the Stamp Act was void, as Parliament had no right to make such a law. He began early to write political essays for the newspapers; and, in 1768, he went to Boston, when the town was greatly excited by political disturbances. There he was counsel for Captain Preston in the case of the "Boston Massacre" (see BOSTON), and in the same year (1770) he was elected to a seat in the General Court. From that time John Adams was a leader among the patriots in Massachusetts. He was a delegate to the first Continental Congress (1774), where he took a leading part. Returning, he was elected a member of the Provincial Congress. He was an efficient

In 1785 Adams went as minister to the English Court, and there he prepared his Defence of the American Constitution. Being coldly received, he returned home, and, in 1788, was elected Vice-President of the United States under the national Constitution. He sustained the policy of Washington through the eight years of his administration, opposed the French Revolution, and was a strong advocate for the neutrality of the United States. In 1796

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he was chosen President by a small majority over Jefferson, and his administration was vehemently opposed by the new party known as Republicans, led by the latter, its real founder. He had much trouble with the French Directory throughout his entire administration, and drew upon himself great blame for favoring the Alien and Sedition Law. In his eagerness for re-election Adams offended a powerful faction of his party, and was beaten by Jefferson at the election in 1800. Then he retired to private life, where he watched the course of events with great interest for twenty-five years longer, dying July 4, 1826. His death occurred on the same day, and at almost the same hour, as that of Jefferson, his colleague on the drafting committee and in signing of the Declaration of Independence, fifty years before. His biography, diary, essays, and correspondence were edited and published, in 10 octavo volumes, by his grandson, Charles Francis Adams. Though courteous in his manner usually, he was, at times, irritable and imperious. See CABINET, PRESIDENT'S.

Spain, and the Papal States, whose rulers were enemies of republican government. Lord Kanes uttered a similar prophecy in 1765.

On June 1, 1785, he was introduced by the Marquis of Carmarthen to the King of Great Britain as ambassador extraor dinary from the United States of America to the Court of London. The inexecution of the treaty of peace on the part of Great Britain had threatened an open rupture between the two nations. Adams was sent with full powers to arrange all matters in dispute. His mission was almost fruitless. He found the temper of the British people, from the peasant up to the monarch, very unfriendly to the United States. He was never insulted, but the chilliness of the social atmosphere and the studied neglect of his official representations often excited hot indignation in his bosom. But his government, under the old confederation, was so weak and powerless that he was compelled to endure the hauteur of British officials in silence. They gave him to understand that they would make no arrangements about commercial relations between the two governments; and when he proposed to his own government to pass

benefit of American commerce, he was met by the stern fact that it possessed no power to do so. At length, believing his mission to be useless, and the British government sturdily refusing to send a minister to the United States, Mr. Adams asked and obtained permission to return home.

While he was teaching school at Worces ter, in 1755, he wrote a letter to Nathan Webb, in which he remarked: "Mighty countervailing navigation laws for the states and kingdoms are not exempted from change. . . . Soon after the Reformation, a few people came over into this new world for conscience' sake. This apparently trivial incident may transfer the great seat of empire to America. . . . If we can remove the turbulent Gallics, our people, according to the exactest calcula- Mr. Adams saw with alarm the contions, will, in another century, become tagion of revolution that went out from more numerous than in England itself. Paris, in 1789, affecting England, and, in The united force of Europe will not be a degree, his own country. It was differable to subdue us. The only way to keep ent, in form and substance, from that us from setting up for ourselves is to dis- which had made his own people free. With unite us." Less than thirty years after- a view to avert its evil tendencies, he wards the prophet stood before the mon- wrote a series of articles for a newspaper, arch of England as the representative of entitled Discourses on Davila. These an American republic, where, only ten contained an analysis of Davila's History years before, were flourishing English col- of the Civil War in France, in the sixonies. And just a century after that teenth century. In those essays he mainprophecy was uttered the number and tained that, as self-esteem was the great strength of the people here exceeded the spring of human activity, it was imporcalculation of young Adams. The popula- tant in a popular government to provide tion then was more than double that of for the moderate gratification of a desire England; and, while his country was for distinction, applause, and admiration. fiercely torn by civil war, its government He therefore advocated a liberal use of defied the power of Great Britain, France, titles and ceremonial honors for those in

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