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The most famous case of arbitration in Aretion, le that of "the Alabama Claims," which grew out of committed upon American merchant vessels War by ships which Great Britain allowed in British ports which were used as a base d'o Confederate government. After a good d4 the two countries agreed by a treaty of 257 matter to a tribunal composed of one citi one British subject, and three other members, of Italy, the President of Switzerland, ne die La respectively. This tribunal met in Genesy sessions it came to the conclusion tha

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The United States, there peaceful adjustment of cont 1898, in common with the of Nicholas II, of Rusia, t Hague for the purpose excessive armaments in 1800, was unable to tion, and merely recom bility of limitira

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Ese 11-Tecu de alt tete invaSIONS. Lpresso Dussel a Maury 21 100, Lodeworthy arts designed uuring al ti sally mithin the servit ji ter county and w ram of the seven states termones, and Comte mot immediate and generally serNo4 Tader thest wal ad-Doded ctlens of the states, territories and the District of Columbia, between the Laws of eighteen and toy-ive, art declared to be ff the mint 200 an dried mu twi classes: the tanzes militia, Kov as the National Guard (or such other Les as the states may give to their respective quotas., and the Roserve Militia. Enlistment in the National Guard is purely duntary, and many men jon for social purposes. The ordimy atisen does not even know that he is in the Reserve

It is further provided by this new legislation that the Secretary of War my issue 1: the organized mira of the several states military stores of all kinds and arrange in its active participa for in the maneuvres and fieid practice of the regular army. The levere authorities detall officers to attend encampments of the state militin; and in rat they inaugurated a plar, of having the ita participate with the regular troops in their exercises at certain places. Thus we have established a combination

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a regular army, always on duty and ready for service, with a state militia, which may be, in time of peace, disciplined and pre pared to take its place in the federal system. It is now hoped

in case of an outbreak of hostilities, the confusion, delays, and readjustments which have accompanied the beginnings of every war in our history, may be obviated, and that the merabers of the state militia, having acquired definite previous experience See Report of the War Department for 7008, Vol. 1, pp g3 fi *headings, p 3ob, for an extract from the law.

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sposal of the federal gov

war with a foreign nation or rebelof the United States. Whenever the he regular force at his command, to

Lin, he may call out such number of

sia e or territory or the District of Columbia sary to meet the situation. He does this

o an act of Congress.

Dy puts a large power in the hands of the at a left to his discretion to determine when it is

t the militia and the extent to which it may "Le power thus confided by Congress to the ess of a very high and delicate nature," said Penting on an earlier statute of a similar "A free people are naturally jealous of the exercise power; and the power to call the militia into actual ertainly telt to be one of no ordinary magnitude. power which can be executed without a corresponddollity. ty.... By whom is the exigency as to the y of using the militia] to be judged of and decided? Is Print the sole and exclusive judge whether an exigency to vrisen? . . . We are all of the opinion that the authority to whether the exigency has arisen belongs exclusively to the 1int and that his decision is conclusive upon all other perWe think that this consideration necessarily results from the veture of the power itself and from the manifest object contted by act of Congress."

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A. other branch of the army of the United States in war time Fisch composed, heretofore, of special volunteers. Every one

ainted with history knows how, in the War of 1812, the Mexican, the Civil, and the Spanish wars, great reliance was

ed upon the citizen soldiers called into service by procaration of the President under authority of acts of Congress.

The total number of the organized militia, including commissioned officers and enlisted men, is estimated (1goy' at 110,941, and unorganized reserve - at 14,987,011.

Martin . Mott, 12 Wheaton, 19.

• Readings, p. 312

It has been the usual practice to accept, in the first instance, members of the state militia who desired to join the army, and then call for volunteers who had not even been members of the militia. The high service rendered by these soldiers is unquestioned; according to Brigadier-General Carter, the world never saw better armies than those composed of the volunteers of 1861-65.1 Under the present national military system, however, the organized militia or National Guard can be readily called into action, and owing to the previous training under federal supervision, described above, it ought to be available for effective work without all the usual delays in drilling and equipping. Nevertheless, in a long war, going beyond the strength of the regular army and the organized militia, the special volunteer method would doubtless be again employed; and resort might be had to drafting, as in the Civil War.

Under its constitutional authority, Congress has provided an elaborate set of regulations for the Army of the United States. Soldiers in military service are under special rules designed to preserve discipline and good order in time of peace as well as

war.

The enforcement of military law is placed in the hands of special military courts known as courts-martial. A court-martial is not regarded as a portion of the federal judiciary, but belongs to the executive department of the government, and is not limited by those provisions requiring indictment by grand jury and trial by jury, as in ordinary cases. "With the sentences of courts martial, which have been convened regularly and have proceeded legally and by which punishments are directed, not forbidden by law or which are according to the laws and customs of the sea, the civil courts have nothing to do, nor are they in any way alterable by them. If it were otherwise, the civil courts would virtually administer the rules and articles of war irrespective of those to whom that duty and obligation has been confided by the laws of the United States, from whose decisions no appeal or jurisdiction of any kind has been given to the civil magistrates or civil courts. But if a court martial has no jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the charge it has been convened to try or shall inflict a punishment forbidden by the law,

'Reinsch, Readings, p. 126.

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tas is created and supported under ble and maintain a navy." The at consists of the ships of war of sad enlisted men, and the docks and ..the construction and maintenance of

active service of the navy, November 1, issioned officers, 600 warrant officers, and exclusive of the marine corps - a force

10,000 men. The term of service in the four years. Inasmuch as the government the number of aliens in the navy, applit must now be American citizens, able to ish, and must on entering the service take the

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the United States navy are distributed between "t and the Pacific fleet, each under the command Adpiral.

Military and Naval Administration

ne side of the civil administration, the army and navy ar the control of the Department of War and the Deacat the Navy, subject always, of course, to the Presicent at the United States, who in time of peace as well as war

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Hover, 25 Howard, 65.

Novi er 1. 1ocs, there were twenty-five battle ships, twelve
r, thirty nine crusers, including all unarmored cruising vessels of
tous displacement, sixteen torpedo destroyers, thirty-two torpedo
bm arines,
and eleven coast delence vessels, including smaller
iter monitors, and there were at that time bulding, or author-
Earle ships fifteen destrovers and then submarines This st
mchele vessels more than acerty sears ad unless they have been
colliers, transports, repair ships,
kodunes or other vessels of less than

1 and reequipped since 10
Imuchant vessels or other
and tom, except the torpedo hala

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