Old Three Stars. So called by his soldiers, that number indicating his rank as lieutenant-general.

Hero of Appomattox.

Alluding to the surrender to Grant of General Lee at Appomattox Court-House, Virginia, April 9, 1865, of which Grant was the hero.

The Silent Man of Appomattox. The quiet, unostentatious mannerism displayed upon the surrender of General Lee.

American Cæsar. Applied by the opponents to his third-term candidacy, claiming that a breach of the customary presidential term of eight years would have a monarchical tendency; alleging Grantism had become a synonym for Cæsarism. See page 273.

American Sphinx, Great Unspeakable, Ulysses the Silent. Names applied while a military officer, owing to his secretiveness, and his uncommunicative manner incident to his positions of responsibility, wherein he was obliged to be chary in his expressions of opinion and purpose.

Hayes. President de Facto. Name applied by the friends and press that were favorable to S. J. Tilden, the defeated nominee, asserting the cause of his defeat was fraud, which belief they continued to emphasize by speaking of Tilden as President de jure, and Hayes as President de facto.

These terms de facto and de jure are generally used in connection with the holding of office. One who has actual possession of an office and exercises its functions is said to be an officer de facto, or in fact; one who is entitled to an office, but does not actually fill it, is said to be an officer de jure, or by right. A de facto officer may hold his office without wrongful intent, though without legal sanction, as when there have been technical irregularities in the appointment, or when the law under which he was appointed is afterward declared unconstitutional by the courts. The acts of a de facto incumbent are valid as respects third persons and the public generally if the officer holds his position by color of right (that is, with supposed authority based on reasonable grounds), if he holds it with some degree of notoriety, if he is actually in exercise of continuous official acts, or if he is in actual possession of a public office.

Garfield.

The Martyr-President. Allusion to his assassination be

cause he was the President.

"A mass meeting was held in front of the Merchants' Exchange in New York City, April 15, 1865, the day of President Lincoln's death. The excited throng was demanding vengeance upon certain newspapers for utterances considered treasonable; two men lay dying in the street for exulting in assassination, and telegrams from Washington gave intimations of other probable victims of a general conspiracy. At this critical moment a man known to but few stepped forward, and beckoning to the crowd with a small flag, spoke these words in a clear and impressive voice: Fellow-citizens, Clouds and darkness are around about Him. His pavilion is dark waters and thick clouds of the skies. Justice and judgment are the establishment of his throne. Mercy and truth shall go before his face. God reigns, and the government at Washington still lives.' The effect was instantaneous, The crowd listened, and became calm, and the meeting afterwards was quietly dissolved. "Sixteen years later, on the 17th of July, as President Garfield himself lay prostrate from the assassin's bullet, he called for paper, and wrote distinctly his name, followed by strangulatus pro republicâ (tortured for the republic)."— BENT, Sayings of Great Men.

The Teacher-President. When a boy it was his great ambition to obtain a college education, in order that he might be a thoroughly qualified teacher. At eighteen years of age he was a teacher, at twenty-five a college professor, subsequently being President of Hiram College, Ohio. The Dark Horse. A reference to his nomination for the Presidency. In political parlance it is an unforeseen or compromise candidate.

The

term is borrowed from the turf, incident to a custom of training a horse in secret, or keeping him dark," so that his powers may be unknown.

Arthur. Our Chet. A contraction of Chester, used by his New York friends.

The first gentleman in the land.

"He was emphatically the first gentleman in the land. His thorough knowledge of prominent men and politics during the preceding quarter of a century enabled him to entertain his listeners with graphic descriptions of remarkable scenes, piquant but never indelicate anecdotes and keen sketches of men and women and interesting statements about the workings of political machinery."-POORE, Reminiscences, p. 481.

"Flos regum Arthur, the Laureate, heads the noble dedication of his Arthuric legends to the manes of Albert; not flower of kings,' shall history call this Arthur of ours, and yet must she accord him some attributes of his mythic namesake, a high and noble courtesy to all men, small and great; an unflinching, uncomplaining loyalty to friends who turned too often ingrate; a splendid presence, a kindly heart, a silent courage, and an even mind. These things go no small way toward the making of America's first gentleman." (A DEDICATION.)

Cleveland. Man of Destiny. In allusion to his rapid rise in political life, the most extraordinary in the history of the country; an unknown man in 1881 (then mayor of Buffalo, N.Y.), three years later elected to the "highest office in the land."

It was in the spring of 1883, at a public banquet following the dedication of a soldiers' monument in Buffalo, at which the then Governor Cleveland and his staff were present. Congressman John M. Farquhar of Buffalo was toast-master for the occasion. When the time was reached for Governor Cleveland to respond to "the State of New York," Mr. Farquhar said: “Ladies and gentlemen, we will now have the pleasure of listening to some remarks on the glories and achievements attained by the Einpire State by an appropriate character of New York- the man of destiny — the present Governor of the State."

Grover. A familiar use of his Christian name by the press and people. Stuffed Prophet. A political designation adopted by the New York Sun in the campaign of 1892, alleging Cleveland was "stuffing" the public with airy nothings by his various prophecies regarding tariff reform and sound money, with the "great benefits" to the country consequent upon his election. The antagonism was against the Mugwumpian spirit. See "Mugwump," page 176.

Other sobriquets used by the same journal were, Mugwump Moses, Grover le gros, The Claimant, and King of Cranks.

B. Harrison. Son of his Grandfather. Given by the opposing party, alleging the personality of himself and father unknown; that whatever merit existed would be the transmitted reputation of heritage, from being the son of his grandfather, Tippecanoe.

His grandfather's hat was a conspicuous element in the hands of cartoonists during the campaign of 1888.

Backbone Ben. Used by the press; an outcome of his self-opinioned action in appointments, as against suggestions of the machine-political. Pure Sarsaparilla. Being interrogated at Indianapolis October 5, 1895, and asked if the published interview between him and John C. Ward was authorized, he smilingly replied:

"Young man, when I want to say anything to my political friends, I

will say it myself. When you see my name subscribed to the statement you will know that it is the pure sarsaparilla, and not till then."

Little Ben. A pet name given him by the Seventieth Indiana regiment, which he organized, and later was appointed its colonel. The name incident to his short stature.

Hoosier President. Elected from Indiana, the Hoosier State. See Index, "Indiana.”

McKinley. Prosperity's Advance Agent. Incident to the association of his name with the Republican Tariff bill, which was to produce prosperity. The application in the campaign of 1896 was an indication of a renewal of prosperity.

In 1901 the application emphasized by using "contemporary witness of prosperity; prophet of prosperity's continuance and increase."

"To no President has it ever before been given to report as a tremendous accomplished fact the national situation, which was thus described by Mr. McKinley in his Roanoke address (April 29, 1901):

"We have never had so much to do in all our history as we have now. We never had so much business at home, nor so much abroad. We never made so much and never sold so much as we shall sell this year. We are expanding our markets. Our productive capacity has become so great that we are not only able to supply the home markets, but we require foreign market for our surplus; and so we are seeking an open door in the Orient for the products of American soil and American labor."- New York Sun, May 1, 1901 (Editorial).

Bonaparte of Politics, Napoleon of Canton. Incident to the resemblance of McKinley to Bonaparte in face and taciturnity.

The caricaturists always represented him wearing the hat of the great Napoleon, the chapeau bicorne, or "two-cornered hat."

Roosevelt. Teddy. A familiar abbreviation of his Christian name, developed in college days. The wholesomeness of his life among the people and with his family caused thousands of American citizens to call him not only by his Christian name, but more familiarly by his nickname.

"He whom men called 'Teddy'

And the gods call Theodore.""

Our Strenuous President. In an address delivered by him in Chicago, April 10, 1899, before the Hamilton Club, he used the following sentences: "I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life-the life of toil and effort, of labor and strife; to preach that highest form of success which comes, not to the man who desires mere easy peace, but to the man who does not shrink from danger, from hardship, or from bitter toil, and who out of these wins the splendid ultimate triumph."

This remark attached itself to his name forever, the word "strenuous" summing up his character; a fighter in war for his country, a fighter in peace for his principles, a hunter, a boxer, and an athlete for his health and happiness; every inch of his road from Cutler's Academy to the White House fought out against odds. The first all-round athlete to sit in the President's chair.

The Rough Rider. Incident to his novel aggregation or gathering together of the hardy horsemen, or rough riders, from all sections of the country, creating with them a regiment which was mustered into service as the First Regiment United States Volunteer Cavalry, performing active duty in Cuba during the Spanish-American War. He enlisted as lieutenant-colonel, ultimately becoming its colonel.

Man on Horseback. An application used by the Democrats, alleging he rode into prominence through his Spanish War record; also that all of his acts are done precipitately, without regard to consequences.

AS MEN OF LETTERS.

Washington. "Maxims," 1796; "Transcripts of Revolutionary Correspondence," Boston, 1834-1837.

Jno. Adams. "Essay on Canon and Feudal Law," 1765; "Political Essays in Almon's Remembrancer," 1774, under name of Novanglus ; "Defense of the American Constitution," 1786; "History of Dispute with America"; "Discourses on Davila," 1790.

Jefferson. "A Summary View of the Rights of America," 1775; "The Declaration of Independence," 1776; "Notes on Virginia," 1784; "Act for Freedom of Religion," 1786; “Manual of Parliamentary Practice"; State Papers.

Madison. "Reports of Debates during the Congress of the Confederation and Federal Congress," Washington, 1840; "Notes on Confederacies," published in The Federalist, Nos. 17, 18, and 19; Essays, under name of Helvidius, criticising "Monarchial Prerogative of the Executive"; State Papers.

Monroe. "A View of the Conduct of the Executive," 500 pp., Philadelphia, 1797; "Tour of Observation," 1817; "The People," "The Sovereign," etc.; State Papers.

J. Q. Adams. "Poems of Religion and Society," "The Bible and Teachings," "Letters on Freemasonry,' "Translation of Wieland's Oberon into English," 1797; "Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory," 1810; "Criticisms of Rights of Man'" (Paine's), by Publicola; "Defense of Washington's Policy of Neutrality," under name of Marcellus; "Discussion of the Extraordinary Behavior of Citizen Genet," as Columbus; State Papers.

66

Van Buren. Inquiry into the Origin and Causes of Political Parties in the United States," New York, 1862 (published as a fragment).

W. H. Harrison. "A Discourse on the Aborigines of the Valley of the Ohio," Cincinnati, 1838.

Buchanan. "Résumé of My Administration," Philadelphia, 1866.

Lincoln. His orations, Gettysburg the finest "It has taken place as a classic in American literature."

Johnson. His speeches. Boston, 1865.

Grant. "An Undeserved Stigma, an Act of Justice to General FitzJohn Porter."— North American Review, December, 1882. Four campaign articles to the Century Magazine: "Shiloh," February, 1885; "Vicksburg," September, 1885; "Chattanooga," November, 1885; "The Wilderness," February, 1886; "The Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant," 2 vols. New York, 1885.

Garfield. "Discovery and Ownership of the Northwestern Territory and Settlement of the Western Reserve," Ohio His. Soc. Papers, 1874; "Garfield's Words" (his speeches), 1881.

Cleveland. The writings and speeches of. 1892.

Harrison, B. His speeches, 1892; “This Country of Ours,” 1897 ; "Views of an ex-President," 1901.

McKinley. Speeches, 1896.

Roosevelt. "The Naval War of 1812," 1882; "Hunting Trips of a Ranchman"; "The Wilderness Hunter," 1885; "Life of Thomas Benton," 1887; "Essays on Practical Politics," 1888; "Life of Gouverneur Morris," 1888; "Historic Towns," New York, 1891; "The Winning of the West," 4 vols., 1894-1896; “Hero Tales from American History" (joint-author with Henry Cabot Lodge), 1895; "Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail," 1896; "Some American Game," 1897; "American Ideals," 1897; "Public Papers as Governor," 1899; "The Rough Riders," 1899; "Life of Oliver Cromwell," 1900; and magazine articles.

Ex-Presidents Living at Time of President Incumbent Entering Office.