statements to a general one, which comprehends the particular.

EXAMPLES.And now the bell-the bell she had heard so oft, rung its remorseless toll. He was banished from all he valued most-home, country, and friends.

(c). The dash is now almost universally used in place of the parenthesis.

EXAMPLE.-As far as the interests of freedom are concerned the most important by far of sublunary interests you stand as the representatives of the human

race.

EXERCISE CLXXIII.

Point the following Exercise, and give a reason for each point you insert :

:

What I mean to say is this and when I have said it I shall finish that mere bravery is not sufficient to win a battle. Up to that time the old man had not spoken once except to her or stirred from the bed-side. If thou beest he but oh how fallen. Some and they were not a few knelt down. That done she turned to the old man with a lovely smile upon her face such they said as they had never seen and never could forget and clung with both her arms about his neck. There is a village no matter where in which the inhabitants on one day in the year sit down to a dinner prepared at the common expense. The tyranny grew into a custom and as the manner of our nature is it was considered as the most sacred of all duties to keep these poor fellows without their annual dinner. Our fathers each man was a god. The ancient rooms she had seemed to fill with life even when her own was waning fast the garden she had tended the eyes she had gladdened the noiseless haunts of many a thoughtful hour the paths she had trodden as it were but yesterday could know her no more.

THE QUOTATION.

250. The Quotation is used to enclose words actually quoted.

EXAMPLE. "It is not," said the schoolmaster, "it is not on earth that heaven's justice ends."

EXERCISE CLXXIV.

Insert the correct quotation marks in the following

sentences:

I have been, said he, in Argyll's room. I have seen him within an hour of eternity, sleeping as sweetly as ever man did. But as for me. I will not, said the queen. Seyton I command you to stay at every risk. Pardon me, madam, if I disobey, said the young man. The words he read were these :

Clime of the unforgotten brave!

Whose land from plain to mountain cave

Was freedom's home or glory's grave!-Byron.

This is the judgment of God, said the grand-master, looking upwards. The eyes of the Indian monarch flashed fire as he replied: I will be no man's tributary! I am greater than any prince upon earth. The foreman of the jury answered, Not guilty.

Then Christabel knelt by the lady's side,
And raised to heaven her eyes so blue-
Alas, she said, this ghastly ride-

Dear lady! it hath wildered you!

The lady wiped her moist cold brow,

And faintly said, 'tis over now.-Coleridge.

A chieftain to the highlands bound

Cries, boatman, do not tarry!

And I'll give thee a silver pound

To row us o'er the ferry.-Campbell.

CAPITAL LETTERS,

251. The following words should begin with Capital Letters:

(a). The first word of every sentence.

(b). The first word in every direct quotation.

(c). The first word of every line of poetry. (d). All proper nouns and adjectives formed from them, such as France, French.

(e). The pronoun I, and the interjection O. (f). All names and attributes of God.

(g). Words denoting the days of the week, the names of the seasons, or months, the name of any important historical event, such as Reformation, etc.

(h). Single letters used as abbreviations, as M.D.

EXERCISE CLXXV.

Insert the necessary capitals in the following sentences:

the sea was meant to be irregular. when i arrived at the palace gate william received me. he is reported to have said :— "all is lost save our honour." henry the eighth was king of england. snow fell thick in december and in the beginning of january. the roads were impassable. the revolution happened a.d. 1688. he was created m.d. and subsequently ll.d. i jumped up when he came in, and clasped his hands with fervour,

within a mile of edinburgh town

we laid our little darling down;
our first seed in god's acre sown!

so sweet a place! death looks beguiled
of half his gloom; or sure he smiled
to win our wondrous spirit-child.—Massey.

PART V.-FIGURES OF SPEECH.

252. FIGURES OF SPEECH are unusual forms of expression, which are employed either to give beauty and variety to the style, or to present the subject in a more picturesque and graphic manner.

253. Figures of speech are, accordingly, of two kinds, Figures of Syntax or Arrangement, and Figures of Rhetoric or Tropes.

254. The Principal Figures of Syntax are Antithesis, Ellipsis, Enallage, Exclamation, Hyperbaton, Interrogation, and Pleonasm.

255. Antithesis consists in placing thoughts that are opposed in sharp contrast to one another. We have admirable illustrations of this Figure in the Proverbs of Solomon, most of which are constructed on the principle of bringing two opposite thoughts into strong contrast;

as

A soft answer turneth away wrath; but grievous words stir up anger.

Note.-But is the leading Antithetic conjunction in English.

Yet fame deserved no enemy can grudge;
The statesman we abhor, but praise the judge.

256. Ellipsis is the leaving out or the omission of words which are necessary to give the full or regular construction; as—

Avarice and cunning may acquire wealth, but cannot gain friends.

Note.-Ellipsis is not allowable when it would obscure the sense; as

The court of France or England was to be umpire.

257. Enallage consists in using one part of speech for another; as

When Ajax strives some rock's vast weight to throw,

The line too labours and the words move slow.

258. Exclamation consists in giving expression to a fact in the form of a cry of wonder or astonishment; as

O, what a fall was there, my countrymen!

259. Hyperbaton consists in arranging words in an unusual order. This is generally done to render the statement more emphatic; as—

That perplexes you not; mystery you see none in that.

260. Interrogation consists in giving expression to a fact by putting it in the form of a question; as

He hath brought many captives home to Rome,
Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill;

Did this in Cæsar seem ambitious?

261. Pleonasm consists in introducing unnecessary or superfluous words; as

I saw it with mine own eyes.

Note.-Pleonasm differs from Tautology (Greek, the same word) in that the latter consists in expressing the same idea in different words and from Periphrasis (Greek, a round-about phrase) or Circumlocution in that Periphrasis consists in expressing a single idea by several words; as—

The strong, vigorous young man has been cut down in his prime (Tautology).

He partook freely of the juice of the grape (Periphrasis).