full; he went too far, where the adverb too modifies the adverb far.

Note.-Adverb is derived from the Latin ad, to, and verb, and means to the verb. This part of speech is so named because it is most frequently used to modify the verb.

154. DERIVATION OF ADVERBS.

1. Some adverbs are derived from nouns; as, needs, sideways, across.

2. Many are derived from pronouns; as, here, hither, hence, there, thither, thence, where, whither, whence, whereon, wherever, whereby, etc.

3. A very large number are derived from adjectives; as, greatly, largely, royally, once, twice, first, secondly, etc.

4. Some are derived from prepositions; as, upwards, downwards, etc.

155. Those adverbs which are formed from the relative pronouns, such as where, whence, whither, and a few others, are used not merely to modify some other word in the sentence, but to introduce a new clause; as

I cannot tell when he arrived.

Pleasures lie thickest where no pleasures seem.

He retired to his seat in the country, whence he ought never to have removed.

Adverbs of this nature may be termed Conjunctive Adverbs.

156. The same class of adverbs is used in asking questions, and they may then be termed Interrogative Adverbs; as

Where shall the traitor rest?

Whither dost thou pursue thy solitary way?

CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERBS.

157. Adverbs may be classified as follows:

1. Adverbs of Time; as, now, then, before, after, soon, early, late, ever, never, always, presently, since, ago, yesterday, to-morrow, etc.

2. Adverbs of Place; as, here, there, hence, whence, hither, thither, wherever, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, above, below, within, without, around, upwards, downwards, etc.

3. Adverbs of Manner; as, gaily, sweetly, how, wrongly, and most of the adverbs ending in ly.

4. Adverbs of Degree; as, almost, quite, much, little, very, even, seldom, etc.

5. Adverbs of Inference; as, why, wherefore, therefore, etc.

6. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation; as, yes, no, not, verily, certainly, etc.

158. The adverbs yes and no are nearly equivalent to a sentence, and it has been proposed to call them WordSentences; e.g., Wilt thou go with this man? Yes-the word yes is really equivalent to I will go. So with the adverb no.

INFLECTION OF ADVERBS.

159. Like the adjective, some adverbs are inflected to express degree :

A few adverbs are compared like adjectives by adding -er and -est to the positive; as, soon, sooner, soonest; often, oftener, oftenest.

Many adverbs are compared by prefixing more and most to the positive; as, brightly, more brightly, most brightly.

160. There is a large number of phrases in English used as adverbs. These phrases generally consist of two or three words, frequently a preposition and a noun, or some word used as a noun. Examples of Adverbial Phrases are of the following sort:—at random; up and down; at large; of course; in short; now and then; by all means, etc.

EXERCISE XXXVII.

In the following Exercise point out all the adverbs and adverbial phrases:

My father went away yesterday, and will return soon. Come hither, come hither, my little foot-page. Merrily, merrily, shall we sing now. Slowly and sadly we laid him down. Now and then the little fellow would peep in at my window; at times he would even venture to hop down on the table. The sun, shining brightly, imparted a delicious feeling of warmth, which contrasted strongly with the previous cold. Far off at sea might be seen the white sails flapping idly in the wind. The sun rose slowly over the wide expanse of sea. Then, and not till then, can you reasonably hope to succeed.

I saw from the beach, when the morning was shining,
A bark o'er the waters move gloriously on;

I came when the sun o'er that beach was declining,
The bark was still there, but the waters were gone.

EXERCISE XXXVIII.

Classify the adverbs in the following Exercise :

You must finish your lesson now; you can play afterwards. She sang sweetly, but sadly, the songs of her youth. Lead me a little further. Come nearer. At last the tyrant died. All the time, the patient remained remarkably composed. He spoke much more sensibly than you would have expected. He was a very tall shambling youth, with a cast in his eye. The battle raged fiercely all day long. He knows not whence the messenger came. Where did you lay the book? I can only say that your conduct was uncommonly rude.

Come, my friends,

"Tis not too late to seek a newer world.

Push off, and sitting well in order smite
The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds
To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths
Of all the western stars, until I die.

THE PREPOSITION.

161. A Preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation to some noun, adjective, or verb in the sentence; as, Solomon, son of David, the word of shows the relation between the words son and David; grateful to the taste, the word to shows the relation between the words grateful and taste; forced from home, the word from shows the relation between the words forced and home. The words of, to, from, are prepositions.

Note.-Preposition is derived from pre, before, and positus, placed, and this part of speech is so named, because it is usually placed before the noun or pronoun, which it connects with some preceding word in the sentence.

CLASSIFICATION OF PREPOSITIONS.

162. Prepositions might be classified according to the nature of the relation which they are employed to express; as,

1. The relation of place; as, The book was on, near, above, below, beside, etc., the table.

2. The relation of time; as, He came after, before, etc.,

me.

3. The relation of possession; as, Solomon, son of

David.

4. The relation of instrument; as, He was killed by the sword.

5. The relation of cause; as, He died from hunger.

But, as the relations subsisting between words in a sentence are very various, it is needless to pursue this classification further.*

LIST OF PREPOSITIONS.

163. The following list embraces the principal prepositions in the language :

*In parsing, the scholar should be required to name, first, the preposition; second, the words which it connects; and third, the relation subsisting between these connected words.