EXERCISE XLIV. Point out the interjections in the following Exercise: Hark! hark! the lark at heaven's gate sings. Oh! it is excellent to have a giant's strength. Hurrah! hurrah! for England; hurrah for England's queen. Fie, fie! unknit that threatening brow. Alas, the heavy day! why do you weep? Ho! gallant nobles of the League, look that your arms be bright! Tut, tut! man; you must not weep so. DERIVATION. 170. Words are either Primitive or Derivative. 171. A Primitive word is one which cannot be traced back to any simpler form in the language in which it occurs. 172. The following are the most common primitive words in English : : (a). The simple pronouns; I, thou, he, she, who, that, me, thee, we, you, they, etc. (b). Almost all nouns of one syllable. These nouns are the names of the most familiar objects in daily life; as, man, girl, wife, boy, love, house, dog, cat, hen, horse, mare, sheep, calf, cow, stone, stars, sun, moon, earth, etc. (c). A very large number of the simple adjectives, both those denoting Number and those denoting Quality; as, one, two, three, etc; good, bad, ill, black, white, green, long, short, sweet, sour, bright, dark, etc. (d). Almost all the monosyllabic verbs; as, am, be, run, sit, spin, spit, sow, sew, hear, feel, see, smell, come, dive, flow, blow, etc. (e). Almost all the simple prepositions; as, at, to, by, up, out, down, till, etc. (f). Several adverbs and conjunctions; as, now, then, not, and, but, for, etc. 173. A Derivative word is one which is formed from some other word; as, manly, formed from man; strengthen, formed from strength. 174. When a derivative is formed directly from a primitive it is called a Primary Derivative; as, manly, which is formed directly from the primitive man, by the addition of ly. 175. When a derivative is formed from a primary derivative it is called a Secondary Derivative; as, lengthen, which is formed from the primary derivative, length, by the addition of en. 176. A Prefix is a syllable placed before a word to vary its meaning; as, large, en large. 177. An Affix or Suffix is a syllable placed after a word to vary its meaning; as, strength, strength-en. 178. There are three principal methods of forming derivative words in English : 1. By a change in the body of the word itself; as, sing, song; dig, ditch. 2. By means of a prefix; as, en-able, over-throw. 3. By means of an Affix or Suffix; as, glad-some, man-ly. 179. English Prefixes come from Saxon, Latin, and Greek. 180. The most common Saxon Prefixes are the following:- a-, meaning on; as, a-foot, a-board, a-bed, a-loft, meaning on foot, on board, on bed, etc. It has the same meaning when prefixed to verbs; as, a-wait, which means to wait on; a-bide, to bide or stay on. be-, meaning near, upon; as, be-neath, be-tween. It also serves to give an intensive force to verbs; as, be-stir, be-wail. en-, meaning to make, is largely used in the formation of verbs from nouns or adjectives; as, en-dear, en-slave, em-bitter. for- means negation; as, for-bid. fore- means before; as, fore-see. mis- means amiss, and implies defect or error; as, mis-deed, mis-give. out- denotes excess; as, out-vote, out-weigh. over- denotes, like out, superiority; as, over-flow. un-, before an adjective, means not; as, un-worthy, un-kind. Before a verb, un- denotes the undoing of the action specified by the verb; as, un-tie, un-bind, un-loose. up- denotes motion either upward or downward; as, up-lift, up set. with signifies against; as, with-stand, with-draw. 181. The most common Latin Prefixes are the following: a-, ab-, or abs-, from or away; as, a-vert, ab-duct, abs-tain. ante-, before; as, ante-cedent, anti-cipate. con-, together; as, con-fuse. com, col; as, co-mate, com-mission, col-lect. Con assumes the various forms of co, Contra assumes the forms of contra-, against; as, contra-dict. counter and contro; as, counter-work, contro-vert. de-, down; as, de-pose. di- or dis-, asunder; as, di-vert, dis-join. e- or ex-, out of; e-ject, ex-press. extra-, beyond or outside of; as, extra-ordinary. in-, into; as, in-sert. In becomes im and ir by attraction; as, im-pel, ir-rigate. inter-, between; as, inter-vene. intra-, within; as, intra-mural. intro-, into; as, intro-duce. juxta-, near to; as juxta-position. ob-, in the way of, or against; as, ob-stacle. By attraction ob becomes oc-, of-, o-, op-; as, oc-cur, of-fend, o-mit, op-pose. per-, through; as, per-vade, per-tain. post-, after; as, post-pone, post-script. præ- or pre-, before; as, pre-vent, pre-cede, pre-figure. preter-, beyond; as, preter-natural. pro-, forward; as, pro-ceed, pro-long. re-, (red- before a vowel), back; as, re-vert, red-eem. retro-, backwards; as, retro-grade. se-, (sed- before a vowel), aside or apart; as, se-cede, sed-ition. sine-, without; as, sine-cure. sub-, under; as, sub-side. By attraction sub- becomes suc-, suf-, sug-, sup-, sus-; as, suc-ceed, suf-fice, sug-gest, sup-pose, sus-tain. super-, over; as, super-natural. supra-, above; as, supra-mundane. trans-, across; as, trans-fer, trans-late. ultra-, beyond; as, ultra-montane. 182. The most common Greek Prefixes are the following: a-, (an- before a vowel), without; as, a-pathy, an-archy. anti-, against; as, anti-dote, anti-christ. hemi-, half; as, hemi-sphere. homo-, like; as, homo-geneous, homo-logous. syn-, with; as, syn-thesis, sym-pathy. The most common Suffixes are the following: NOUN SUFFIXES. 183. The following Suffixes denote the agent or doer : -an, as, guardi-an. -ant, as, serv-ant. -ar, as, begg-ar. -ard, as, drunk-ard. -ary, as, mission-ary. -eer, as, auction-eer, -ent, as, stud-ent. -er, as tempt-er. -ive, as, operat-ive. -or, as, govern-or. -tor, as, ac-tor. -trix, as, execu-trix. -sor, as, spon-sor. -ster, as, game-ster. 184. The following Suffixes denote being or a state of |