penditures for that session. In 1913 for the first time the two were almost identical. The expenditures for that year were $32,005 and the receipts $32,017. Thus that year the total cost of the Summer Session to the University is the amount of the deferred salaries for those who are expecting to take leave of absence. This for thirty instructors in 1913 amounts to $10,339. This sum therefore represents the cost not only of maintaining the Summer Session, but of maintaining a very satisfactory leave of absence system.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

The very full report of the Director of the Department of Physical Education discusses almost every aspect of the department; I shall here mention a few points merely for the purpose of emphasis.

GENERAL PARTICIPATION IN OUT-OF-DOOR SPORTS

It is the primary purpose of this department to secure general participation by the student body in physical exercises and especially out-of-door games and sports, since this form of physical exercise is most advantageous. There has been steady development of intramural sports, both in the men's and women's division. These sports include bowling, basketball, fencing, hockey, tennis, baseball, archery, volley ball, field, track, rowing, canoeing, cross country running, etc.

INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

Intercollegiate athletics should be a natural culmination of the games and sports between colleges and classes within the student body. However, it can hardly be said that this situation has as yet been reached in the University. Intercollegiate athletics, because of their spectacular nature, attract general interest and therefore are overemphasized. This fact has its advantages and Intercollegiate athletics are one of the factors which keep up the relations between the University and the alumni. In other ways also they are an advantage to the University. On the other side the danger of intercollegiate athletics is that they may demand too much time and energy of the students; or, because of their severe nature, may make demands

disadvantages.

upon the physique beyond the normal and thus result in detriment of the participant rather than in his benefit.

This problem is one which has attracted the attention of university authorities for many years; and the University has now taken up the problem on a strictly scientific basis. The Medical Department has made an investigation of the influence upon the participants of the severest form of intercollegiate athletics, rowing. This investigation has shown beyond reasonable doubt that under the conditions in which rowing is carried on at The University of Wisconsin, intercollegiate rowing results in enlargement of the heart to a greater or less extent in more than half of those engaged; and, of those who have suffered from hypertrophy, several have had acute dilatation of the heart. The investigation showed conclusively that intercollegiate rowing instead of being an advantage to the students was a disadvantage. When these facts were placed before the facuity and Regents, (See pp. 278) they promptly decided to discontinue this sport; and this conclusion was accepted without protest, indeed with approval, by the student body, because of the indisputable proof presented by the medical department.

It is planned to extend similar studies to the other more severe lines of intercollegiate athletics. This method of handling such a problem rather than that of emotional appeal, cannot but have a far reaching effect upon intercollegiate athletics; for the studies undertaken here are sure to lead to similar studies in other institutions.

PROFESSIONAL COURSES

The students in the newly established professional courses for those who wish to teach physical education, become play leaders, or recreation directors, have increased in number. The students majoring in this course in 1910-11 being 10 and in 1913-14, 33. With the recognition of the importance of out-of-door exercises for all of the proper kind, there is sure to be an increasing demand for teachers in physical education and the professional course was organized to meet this demand.

MILITARY DEPARTMENT

In the Military Department there have been important changes. The first year of the biennium Captain Collin H. Ball was recalled to other duties by the War Department and Lieu

tenant Philip G. Wrightson was appointed for work in the Military Department here.

Regular courses of lectures are given in military science which may be taken by the students in the department for credit toward graduation, precisely as other scholastic studies.

Other important steps have been made to increase the efficiency of the department, all of which are set forth in the report of the Commandant.

EXTENSION DIVISION

The Extension Division through action by the legislature received an additional increment of $25,000 per year over that of the previous biennium. In consequence of this fact it has been practicable to extend the work of the division. The demands for this work have more than kept pace with the possibilities of expansion.

The Correspondence-study work, which in its final educational effects is perhaps the most important department of the division, has continued rapidly to increase. In 1911-12 there were 6,047 students who took correspondence work; in 1913–14, 7,662; an increase of 25 per cent in the active list for the biennium.

The University has continued the preparation and publication of texts to carry on the correspondence work. Eleven such books have now been published. These books are used not only at The University of Wisconsin, but at a considerable number of other institutions, including some of the more important institutions, such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Universities of Illinois, Kansas, and Minnesota.

The Department of Debating and Public Discussion has continued work along the lines of the previous biennium. Like all other departments of the Extension Division, this work has grown. Mr. F. A. Hutchins, who organized the work, died during the biennium and the department has been continued under the direction of Miss Almere L. Scott.

During the biennium the Department of Instruction by Lectures has greatly expanded its work. It is estimated that during each of the years 1912-13, 50,000 people attended lectures and entertainments given by the staff of the University. In the above figures are not included the large numbers attending lectures under the auspices of the University given by outside organizations.

The Department of General Information and Welfare has continued through the Bureau of Municipal Research, the Civic Center Bureau, the Health Instruction Bureau, the Community Music Bureau, and during the biennium the Bureau of Visual Instruction was added.

During the biennium two additional district centers were organized, the districts of Superior and Wausau in 1912, and the Eau Claire district in 1913, making in all six districts which are now organized.

OTHER BRANCHES OF UNIVERSITY WORK

No summary is here made of the reports of the various administrative officers, the work of whose divisions is not instructional. These reports include those of the Dean of Women, the Chairman of the Committee on Accredited Schools and Appointments, the Director of the Washburn Observatory, the Editor the Librarian, the Architect, the Consulting Engineer, and the Business Manager. (See pp. 232, 309, 263, 320, 315, 339, 333, and 323).

II. THE NEEDS OF THE UNIVERSITY

SALARIES

The question of salaries has been discussed in the three previous biennial reports; but because of the increased cost of living it is still a pressing one at the University. For five years

there has been in force a standard plan for advances of men in the staff whose service is satisfactory. A similar practice is in force in the majority of the other American universities. The salary scale here in force is as follows:

Instructors: first year appointment, $1,000; increase $100 a year to $1,500.

Assistant professors: first appointment for three years, $1,750; second appointment for three years, $2,000.

Associate professors; first two years, $2,250; second two years, $2,500; and third two years and thereafter, $2,750.

Professors: $3,000; after three years, $3,250; after five years, $3,500.

Men whose first regular appointment as full instructor is in

the College of Letters and Science at a salary of $1,000 usually have the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. This means that they have spent in addition to their four years of college work a minimum of three years in advance study. They are men averaging from twenty-five to twenty-eight years old. If a man receives his first appointment at $1,000 when he is twenty-five years old, and is advanced in accordance with the above plan, he will be forty three years old when he receives his first appointment as professor.

This illustration shows how slow the advancement is under the plan in force; and it has not been practicable always to keep the men in the University under the arrangement. In order to hold many of the more capable young men it has been found necessary to advance them faster than the standard rate.

Also since the plan was adopted there has been introduced a higher standard for one class. Those who occupy the leading professorial positions in the larger departments are now receiving salaries of $3,750 and a few have salaries of $4,000; in one instance the salary is $4,500.

Even with these higher rates it has been impracticable to hold a number of our best men. During the last biennium the losses have been especially heavy, namely 7 professors, 3 associate professors, and 16 assistant professors. All of these men we should have been glad to have kept; but they have gone elsewhere because we could not meet the offers of rival institutions. A good illustration of the situation is that in the Law School, where two professors here receiving salaries of $4,000, have gone to other institutions, one at a salary of $4,500 and the other at $5,500.

The loss of high grade men because of the present impracticability of raising our salary scale is indeed a serious matter. The reputation of the University, but far more important, its tone and standards, are primarily dependent upon having in the faculty a considerable number of men of the first rank. If our faculty losses continue during the years to come as rapidly as they have during this biennium, the effect upon the institution will be one which should receive most serious consideration. The loss of three professors in the Law School, two of whose places it has not been practicable to fill permanently as yet, should be made good by securing men of equal ability and experience with