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2. When the person speaking When the person spoken to When neither

is spoken of

we use

I
Thou

He, she or it

3. The compound pronouns, myself, thyself, &c. are called reflective when they are used after the verb, because in that case the action is reflected on the agent. Example -I hurt myself, where I and myself refer to the sane person. Sometimes they are only emphatic, as I myself was hurt.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

1. RELATIVE PRONOUNS are pronouns which relate to some noun or sentence going before, which noun or sentence is on that account called the ANTECEDENT (ante before, cedo to go), as wio, which, that, and as.

2. A relative pronoun is equivalent to a conjuncion and a personal pronoun together. Example-' the sun is bright, which shines on the earth.' If there were no uch thing as a relative pronoun, we must have said 'the sun is bright, and it shines on the earth.'

3. WHO relates to persons; WHICH to animals and things. Example-' the man who fell :''the flower which faded.'

4. That is sometimes used for who or which. Example -the man that (who) fell.'

5. WHAT signifies that which. Example- this is what (or that which) I want.'

6. The relative who is the same for each gende and number, and its cases are

Nom. Who.

Poss. Whose.

Obj. Whom.

7. 'As' is a relative pronoun when it follows the adjectives such and the same, because then it relates to the noun connected with those adjectives. Example-such words were spoken, as quite alarmed me.'

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VERBS.

1. A VERB (verbum, a word) is the chief word in the sentence, and has an inflection or change of termination to express number, person, and time.

NUMBER AND PERSON.

1. Verbs, like nouns, have two numbers. Example-he loves, they love.

2. They have three persons, like pronouns. Example-I love, thou lovest, he loves.

TENSE OR TIME.

1. Verbs have also in English two distinct tenses called, the PRESENT and the PAST.

2. The PRESENT tense denotes that the action implied by the verb is going on at the present time. Example I love him.

3. The PAST tense denotes that the action is now over or past. Example-I loved him.

It is formed by adding ed to the present, or d only, if the verb ends in e.

4. Time is naturally divided into three parts, PRESENT, PAST, and FUTURE. The English language has no real change to express the future, and the want is supplied by the help of the verb shall or will. Example-'I shall hear.'

5. The verb in its simple form is called Infinitive (in not, finio to limit) because it defines nothing about time or person. Éxample-hear. Generally To is prefixed. Example-to hear.

6. This prefix 'to' often constitutes it a noun. Example -'to hear is wise

7. Sometimes the simple form is used to convey a command. Example-hear me. It is then called Imperative (impero to command).

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8. The imperative is only another form of the infinitive, a portion of the sentence understood. Thus 'Hear me' signifies (I command you to) hear me hear thou' means (take care that) thou hear. This ellipsis accounts for the form 'hear' instead of 'hearest.'

NOTE. The English verb has in reality no мOOD, to express the manner in which the action is conveyed.

PARTICIPLES.

1. Verbs have two PARTICIPLES (particeps partaker) so called, because they partake partly of the nature of a verb, and partly of an adjective.

2. These participles are termed IMPERFECT and PERFECT. The imperfect participle, ending in ing, denotes that the action is incomplete. Example -ruling. The perfect participle, ending in ed or d, denotes that the action is complete. Example -ruled.

CONJUGATION.

1. The CONJUGATION (con together, jungo to join) of a verb means the joining together, or arrangement of its principal parts.

2. The following tenses may be termed indefinite, as they express time in very general terms.

CONJUGATIVE OF A REGULAR VERB.

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1. Verbs are called REGULAR when their past tense and participles are formed according to the rules laid down.

2. All verbs therefore whose inflections agree with the following pattern are REGULAR,

Present.
Love.

Past.
Loved.

Perfect Participle.
Loved.

3. If there be any variation from the rule, i. e. if the past tense and perfect participle be not formed according to the above pattern, the verb is called IRREGULAR.

Ex

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4. If a verb have no past tense, or no perfect participle, it is called a DEFECTIVE verb. Example

Present.

May.
Forego.

Past.
Might.

Perfect Participle.

Foregone.

[For a list of the Irregular verbs and their formations, see Appendix.]

5. As the irregular verbs be, do, have, and the defective verbs shall, will, may, can, are also helping verbs, by which additional tenses of verbs are said to be formed, to give us more accurate ideas of the time of their action, their inflections are here given in full.

1.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERBS BE, HAVE, DO.

BE.

PRESENT TENSE.

SINGULAR.

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PLURAL.

2. You or ye are

3. They are.

PAST TENSE.

2. You were or thou wast

3. He was.

SINGULAR.

1. I shall be

PLURAL.

1. We were

2. You or ye were
3. They were.

FUTURE TENSE.

2. You shall or thou

shalt be

3. He shall be.

Imperative, Be.

PLURAL.

1. We shall be

2. You or ye shall be

3. They shall be.

Infinitive, Be or To be.

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