IMPURITIES.-Chlorides, free chlorine, chlorinated and odorous decomposition products, impurities decomposable by sulphuric acid. Dose, 0.3 mil (5 m). Preparations 1. Aqua Chloroformi.-Chloroform Water. Abv.-Aq. Chlorof. Chloroform and distilled water, by agitation, care being taken that there should always be an excess of Chloroform present. Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. dr.). 2. Linimentum Chloroformi.-Chloroform Liniment. Abv.-Lin. Chlorof. Chloroform, 300; Soap Liniment, 700. 3. Spiritus Chloroformi.-Spirit of Chloroform. Abv.-Sp. Chlorof. Synonym.-Chloric Ether. Chloroform, 60; Alcohol, to 1000. Strength. -6 per cent. Dose, 2 mils (30 M). For the Therapeutics of Chloroform see p. 772. VII. ACIDUM TRICHLORACETICUM TRICHLORACETIC ACID. Abv.-Ac. Trichloracet. C2HO2Cl3=163.39. -A monobasic organic acid which contains not less than 99 per cent. of Trichloracetic Acid (CCl, COOH = 169.39). SOURCE.-Usually obtained by the oxidation of Hydrated Chloral with Nitric Acid. CHARACTERS.-Colorless, deliquescent, rhombohedral crystals, having a slight characteristic odor. Solubility.—In about 0.1 part of water; very soluble in Alcohol, and Ether. The aqueous solution, on boiling, is decomposed with the formation of Chloroform and Carbon Dioxide. IMPURITIES.-Chlorides and nitric acid. For the Therapeutics of Trichloracetic Acid see p. 473. BROMOFORM. VIII. BROMOFORMUM Abv.-Bromof. A liquid consisting of 99 per cent., by weight, of absolute Bromoform (CHBr3=252.77), and about 4 per cent. of Dehydrated Alcohol. Synonym.-Tribromomethane. SOURCE.-By the action of Sodium Hypobromite (which is obtained when Bromine is added to a solution of Sodium Hydroxide) on Acetone. CHARACTERS.-A heavy, transparent, colorless, mobile liquid, with an ethereal odor and a penetrating, sweet taste resembling Chloroform. Sp. gr., 2.595 to 2.620. Solubility.-Slightly in water; miscible with Alcohol, Chloroform, Ether, Benzene, Petroleum Benzin, or fixed and volatile oils. IMPURITIES.-Bromides and brominated compounds, free bromine, free acid. INCOMPATIBLES.-Caustic alkalies; water. Dose, 0.2 mil (3 m). For the Therapeutics of Bromoform, see p. 782. IX. IODOFORMUM IODOFORM.-Abv.-Iodof. CHI3=393.77. Synonym.-Triiodomethane. Usually obtained by the action of Iodine upon Alcohol, or Acetone in the presence of an alkali or alkaline carbonate. SOURCE.-Heat together Alcohol, Iodine, Potassium Bicarbonate, and water. C2H2O+8I+2KHCO3=2CHI,+2KI+3H2O+2CO2. CHARACTERS.-A fine, lemon-yellow powder, or lustrous crystals of the hexagonal system, having a peculiar, very penetrating and persistent odor, and an unpleasant, slightly sweetish taste suggestive of Iodine. Solubility.-Nearly insoluble in water, to which, however, it imparts its odor and taste; in 60 parts of Alcohol and 16 of boiling Alcohol; in 75 parts of Ether; in 10 parts of Chloroform, or in fixed and volatile oils. It contains 96.7 per cent. of Iodine. IMPURITIES.-Soluble iodides, free acids, soluble yellow coloring matters, picric acid, etc. Dose, 0.250 gm. = 250 milligm. (4 gr.). Preparation Unguentum Iodoformi.-Iodoform Ointment. Abv.-Ung. Iodof. Iodoform, 10; Benzoinated Lard, 90. For the Therapeutics of Iodoform see p. 314. X. ÆTHYLIS CHLORIDUM ETHYL CHLORIDE. Abv.-Ethyl. Chlor. Monochlorethane, C2H¿Cl or CH2CH2Cl=64.50. Synonym.-Hydrochloric Ether. When liberated from its container it vaporizes at once; the gas is very inflammable, and it must not be used in proximity to fire. SOURCE. By the action of Hydrochloric Acid gas upon Dehydrated Ethyl Alcohol. CHARACTERS.-A colorless, mobile, very volatile liquid, having a characteristic, ethereal odor, and a burning taste. It boils at a temperature between 12° to 13°C. (53.6°F. to 55°F.). Sp. gr., about 0.921 at 0°C. (32°F.). Solubility.— Slightly in water; freely in Alcohol and in Ether. IMPURITIES.-Alcohol, hydrochloric acid, sulphur compounds. For the Therapeutics of Ethyl Chloride see p. 694. XI. ACETONUM ACETONE. Abv.-Aceton. Synonym.-Dimethylketone. A liquid containing not less than 99 per cent. by weight, of absolute Acetone, CзHO or CH: CO-CH=58.o5. SOURCE. It is contained in considerable quantities in the product obtained in the distillation of wood, and can be separated from the mixture after the removal of the Acetic Acid. It may be purified by agitating a mixture containing it with a concentrated solution of Mono-Sodium Sulphite. It unites with the salt, forming a compound anologous to that formed with Aldehyde. The double compound can be separated, and, when distilled with the addition of Potassium Carbonate, Acetone passes over. CHARACTERS.-A transparent, colorless, mobile and volatile liquid of a characteristic ethereal odor and a pungent, sweetish taste. Sp. gr., about 0.790. Solubility.-Miscible with water in all proportions, without cloudiness; also miscible with Alcohol, Ether, Chloroform and most volatile oils. IMPURITIES.-Empyreumatic substances. For the Uses of Acetone see p. 829. XII. METHYLTHIONINÆ CHLORIDUM METHYLTHIONINE CHLORIDE. Abv.-Methylthionin. Chlor. Synonyms.-Methylene Blue. Tetramethylthionine Chloride. C16H18N3CIS= 373-75. SOURCE.-Tetramethylthionine Chloride results from the action of Hydrogen Sulphide upon the oxidation product of Para-amido-dimethyl-aniline. CHARACTERS.-A dark green, crystalline powder, or in prismatic crystals having a lustre resembling bronze. Solubility.-Freely in water and Alcohol; soluble in Chloroform; the solutions having a deep blue color. IMPURITIES.-Arsenic, zinc and other mineral impurities; dextrin and commer cial dyes. Dose, 0.150 gm. = 150 milligm. (21⁄2 gr.). For the Therapeutics of Methylthionine Chloride see p. 335. 2. THE SULPHUR DERIVATIVES Sulphonmethane, Sulphonethylmethane I. SULPHONMETHANUM SULPHONMETHANE. Abv.-Sulphonmeth. Diethylsulphonedimethylmethane, CH16S2O4 or (CH3)2C(SO2C2H6)2=228.27. Synonym.—Sulphonal. SOURCE.-Mercaptan (Ethyl Hydrosulphide) is combined with Acetone to form Mercaptol, which by oxidation with Potassium Permanganate yields Sulphonmethane. CHARACTERS.-Colorless, inodorous, and nearly tasteless prismatic crystals, or as a crystalline powder. Solubility —In 365 parts of water and 16 of boiling water; in 60 parts of Alcohol and 3 of boiling Alcohol; 64 parts of Ether and in 11 of Chloroform; soluble in Benzene. IMPURITIES.-Sulphates, chlorides, readily oxidizable organic impurities. = 750 milligm. (12 gr.). For the Therapeutics of Sulphonmethane see p. 767. II. SULPHONETHYLMETHANUM SULPHONETHYLMETHANE, Abv.-Sulphonethylmeth. Diethylsulphonmethylethylmethane, CH18S2O, or (CH3) (C2Hы) C(SO2C2H5)2=242.38. Synonym.-Trional. SOURCE.-By the oxidation of the Mercaptol obtained by the condensation of Methylethylketone with Ethylmercaptan. It contains three Ethyl groups, instead of two, as does Sulphonal. CHARACTERS.-Colorless, lustrous, odorless, crystalline scales, which have a bitter taste in aqueous solution. Solubility. In 200 parts of water; more soluble in boiling water; soluble in Alcohol and Ether. IMPURITIES.-The same as those of Sulphonmethane. For the Therapeutics of Sulphonethylmethane see p. 768. 3. THE UREA DERIVATIVES Ethyl Carbamate ÆTHYLIS CARBAMAS ETHYL CARBAMATE. Abv.-Ethyl. Carbam. The ethyl ester of Carbamic Acid, C3H7O2N or CO(OC2H5)NH2=89.07. Synonym.-Urethane. SOURCE.-By the reaction of Ethyl Alcohol upon Urea (Carbamide) or one of its salts. CHARACTERS.-Colorless, columnar crystals or scales; odorless, and having a cooling, saline taste. Solubility.-In 0.45 part of water; 0.8 part of Alcohol, 1.5 parts of Ether; 0.9 part of Chloroform; 2.5 parts of Glycerin; in 32 parts of Olive Oil. IMPURITY.-Urea or carbamide, chlorides, nitrates. Dose, 1 gm. (15 gr.). For the Therapeutics of Ethyl Carbamate see p. 770. GROUP IV The Ethers Ether, Spirit of Nitrous Ether, Amyl Nitrite, Spirit of Glyceryl Trinitrate, Sodium Nitrite. I. ÆTHER ETHER. Synonyms.-Ethylic Ether. Ethyl. Oxide. A liquid containing not less than 95.5 per cent. nor more than 97.5 per cent. of Ethyl Oxide, (C2H5)O=74.08, the remainder consisting of Alcohol containing a little water. When used for anæsthesia it is to be dispensed only in small, well-closed containers, and is not to be used for this purpose if the container has been opened longer than twenty-four hours. SOURCE.-Alcohol is distilled with Sulphuric Acid. Ethyl Sulphuric (Sulphovinic) Acid and water are first formed. C2HOH+H2SO1=C2H¿HSO4+H2O; then C2H&HSO4+C2H ̧OH= (C2H5)2O+H2SO4. This process is theoretically continuous, the Sulphuric Acid last formed again acting on fresh Alcohol as it is supplied. The Ether is freed from water by re-distillation with Calcium Chloride and Lime. CHARACTERS.—A transparent, colorless, mobile liquid, having a characteristic odor, and a burning and sweetish taste. It boils at about 35°C. (95°F.). Sp. gr., 0.713 to 0.716. Solubility. In about 12 volumes of water; miscible, in all proportions, with Alcohol, Chloroform, Petroleum Benzin, and fixed or volatile oils. IMPURITIES.-Water, alcohol, aldehyde. SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER. Abv.-Sp. Æth. Nitros. Synonym.Sweet Spirit of Nitre. An alcoholic solution of Ethyl Nitrite, C2H¿NO2 = 75.05} containing not less than 3.5 per cent. nor more than 4.5 per cent. of Ethyl Nitrite. In many commercial specimens there is very little Ethyl Nitrite. SOURCE.-Mix Sulphuric Acid, 40, with water, 120, cool, add Alcohol 85, diluted with an equal volume of water, and pour the solution into a flask surrounded by a mixture of ice and water. Dissolve Sodium Nitrite, 100, in water, 280 filter, and allow the liquid to drop slowly into the flask containing the acid mixture. When the reaction is complete, allow any crystals which may have formed to settle, and decant the cold mixture of Ethyl Nitrite and aqueous solution, drawing off and discarding the aqueous liquid. Wash the separated Ethyl Nitrite with ice-cold water, 20, remove traces of acid by Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate, 0.6, dissolved in water; agitate with Potassium Carbonate 3, to remove all traces of water, and add Alcohol, 500. Add enough Alcohol to make the mixture weigh twenty-two times the amount of Ethyl Nitrate added. CHARACTERS.-A clear, mobile, volatile, inflammable liquid of a pale yellowish or faintly greenish-yellow tint, having a fragrant, ethereal and pungent odor, free from acridity, and a sharp, burning taste. Sp. gr., not above 0.823 at 25°C. (77°F.). IMPURITY.-Aldehyde. INCOMPATIBLES.-Acetanilid, acetphenetidin, antipyrine, carbonates, fluidextract of buchu, ferrous sulphate, iodides, tincture of guaiac, gallic and tannic acids, emulsions. Dose, 2 mil (30 m). Spirit of Nitrous Ether is contained in Mistura Glycyrrhizæ Composita. For the Therapeutics of Spirit of Nitrous Ether see p. 505. III. AMYLIS NITRIS AMYL NITRATE. Abv.-Amyl. Nitris. A liquid containing not less than 80 per cent. of Amyl (principally Iso-Amyl) Nitrite, CH1NO2 = 117.11. It is dispensed in small glass ampoules which can be readily broken when required. |