cedrus Linné (Fam. Conifera). Habitat.-Mediterranean districts of North Africa, Spain, Portugal and France; in waste places and on stony hill-sides. CHARACTERS.-A dark brown, clear, thick liquid, having a tarry, empyreumatic odor and warm, faintly aromatic, and bitter taste. Solubility.-Almost insoluble in water, but imparts to it an acid reaction; only partially soluble in Alcohol or Petroleum Benzin; completely soluble in 3 volumes of Ether. Sp. gr., 0.980 to 1.055 at 25°C. (77°F.). COMPOSITION.-Much the same as that of Tar. For the Therapeutics of Oil of Cade see p. 485. OLEUM PINI PUMILIONIS OIL OF DWARF PINE NEEDLES. Abv.-Ol. Pin. Pumil. A volatile oil distilled from the fresh leaves of Pinus montana Miller (Pinus Pumilio Haenke) (Fam. Pinacea). Habitat.-Hungary; Tyrolean Alps. CHARACTERS.—A colorless or faintly yellowish oil having a pleasant, aromatic odor and a bitter and pungent taste. Sp. gr., 0.853 to 0.869 at 25°C. (77°F.). COMPOSITION.-Borneol acetate, Phellandrene, Silvestrene, Cadinene, with but little Pinene. For the Therapeutics of Oil of Dwarf Pine Needles see p. 483. SINAPIS 1. SINAPIS ALBA.-White Mustard. Abv.-Sinap. Alb. Synonym.— Yellow Mustard. The ripe seeds of Sinapis alba Linné (Fam. Crucifera), without the presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent. of other seeds or other foreign matter. Habitat.-Asia and Southern Europe; cultivated. CHARACTERS.-Subglobular, from 1.5 to 2.5 mm. in diameter; testa yellowish, nearly smooth; embryo yellowish, oily, with two large cotyledons; inodorous; mildly pungent, acrid. COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are- (1) A bland fixed oil, 20 to 25 per cent. (2) Sinalbin, C30H44N2S2O16, and Myrosin; the latter is an enzyme, and in contact with water converts Sinalbin, which is a Glucoside, into a fixed pungent body, very acrid, called Acrinyl Sulphocyanide, C,H,ONCS, Glucose and Sinapine Sulphate, C16H23NO5H2SO4. IMPURITY.-Starch. Dose (emetic), 10 gm. (21⁄2 dr.). 2. SINAPIS NIGRA.-Black Mustard. Abv.-Sinap. Nig. Synonym.— Brown Mustard. The ripe seeds of Brassica nigra (Linné) Koch (Fam. Crucifera), without the presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent. of other seeds or other foreign matter. Habitat.-Asia and Southern Europe; cultivated. CHARACTERS.-Ellipsoidal or irregularly spheroidal, from 1 to 1.6 mm. in diameter; testa deep reddish-brown, sometimes yellowish-brown, and with a grayish tinge, minutely pitted or reticulate; embryo greenish-yellow, or dark yellow, oily, with two large cotyledons; odor, when dry, slight; on moistening, very irritating; taste strongly pungent and acrid. COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are- -(1) The same fixed oil as the white seeds, about 35 per cent. (2) Sinigrin (which is Potassium Myronate, C10H81 KO10NS2, a crystalline glucoside) and Myrosin, an enzyme which upon distillation with steam converts Singrin into Glucose, Potassium Sulphate, and the official volatile Oil of Mustard (see below), consisting almost entirely of Allyl Isothiocyanate which is not found in white Mustard. IMPURITY.-Starch. Dose (emetic), 10 gm. (21⁄2 dr.). Resembling Black Mustard Seeds.-Colchicum seeds, which are larger and lighter. Preparation Emplastrum Sinapis.-Mustard Plaster. Abv.-Emp. Sinap. A uniform mixture of powdered Black Mustard (deprived of its fixed oil) and a solution of rubber, spread on paper, cotton cloth or other fabric; before it is applied, moisten it thoroughly with tepid water. 3. OLEUM SINAPIS VOLATILE.-Volatile Oil of Mustard. Abv.-Ol. Sinap. Vol. A volatile oil produced synthetically or obtained from the seed of Brassica nigra (Linné). Koch (Fam. Crucifera), freed from its fatty oil by maceration with water and subsequent distillation. It yields not less than 92 per cent. of Allyl Isothiocyanate (CHыSCN3=99.12). The label must state whether it has been made synthetically or obtained from Black Mustard. CHARACTERS.-A colorless or pale yellow, strongly refractive liquid, having a very pungent and irritating odor, and an acrid taste. Great caution should be exercised when smelling this oil; it should not be tasted except when highly diluted. Sp. gr., 1.013 to 1.020 or 25°C. (77°F.). IMPURITIES.-Alcohol, chloroform, petroleum, carbon disulphide, phenols, fatty oils. Dose, 0.008 mil (m ). For the Therapeutics of Mustard see p. 486. OLEUM CAJUPUTI OIL OF CAJUPUT. Abv.-Ol. Cajup. A volatile oil distilled from the fresh leaves and twigs of several varieties of Melaleuca Leucadendron Linné and especially the variety Melaleuca Cajeputi Roxburgh and the variety Melaleuca minor Smith (Fam. Myrtacea). Habitat.-East Indian Islands. CHARACTERS.-A colorless or yellowish liquid, having a peculiar, agreeable, distinctly camphoraceous odor, and an aromatic, slightly bitter taste. Sp. gr., 0.915 to 0.925. Solubility.-In 1 volume of 80 per cent. Alcohol. COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are- —(1) Cajuputol, C10H18O; (67 per cent.) identical with Cineol (see p. 205). (2) Terpineol, C10H18O. (3) Several terpenes. IMPURITY.-Copper. Dose, 0.5 mil (8 m). For the Therapeutics of Oil of Cajuput see p. 488. EUCALYPTUS EUCALYPTUS. Abv.-Eucalypt. Synonym.-Blue Gum Leaves. The dried leaves of Eucalyptus Globulus Labillardière (Fam. Myrtacea), collected from the older parts of the tree, without the presence or admixture of more than 3 per cent. of the stems, fruits or other foreign matter. Habitat.-Australia; cultivated in subtropical countries. CHARACTERS.-Laminæ lauceolately scythe-shaped from 8 to 30 cm. in length and from 2 to 7.5 cm. in breadth; summits when present acute or acunimate; bases unequal, obtuse or more or less rounded and connected with a twisted petiole from 5 to 35 mm. in length; margins slightly uneven, revolute; coriaceous; both surfaces varying from pale yellowish-green to grayish-green more or less glaucous, glabrous, glandular-punctate and with numerous small, circular, brown dots of cork; veins of the first order anastomosing with each other and forming a line nearly parallel with the margin; odor slightly aromatic; taste aromatic, bitter and cooling. COMPOSITION.-(1) A volatile oil (see below). (2) Cerylic Alcohol. (3) A crystallizable Fatty Acid. (4) A crystallizable Resin. Dose, 2 gm. (30 gr.). Preparation Fluidextractum Eucalypti.-Fluidextract of Eucalyptus. Abv.— Fldext. Eucalypt. By maceration and percolation with Alcohol and water, and evaporation. Dose, 2 mils (30 m). OLEUM EUCALPYTI.-Oil of Eucalyptus. Abv.-Ol. Eucalypt. A volatile oil distilled from the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus Globulus Labillardière (Fam. Myrtacea) or from some other species of Eucalyptus, and yielding not less than 70 per cent., by volume of Eucalyptol (Cineol) (C10H18O=154.14), rectified by steam distillation. CHARACTERS.—A colorless or pale yellow liquid, having a characteristic, aromatic, somewhat camphoraceous odor and a pungent, spicy, and cooling taste. Sp. gr., 0.905 to 0.925 at 25°C. (77°F.). Solubility.-In 4 volumes of 70 per cent. Alcohol. COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are-(1) Eucalyptol (see below); (2) Cymene, C10H14; (3) Eucalyptene, C10H16; (4) Tannic Acid. IMPURITIES. Other oils containing large amounts of phellandrene. INCOMPATIBLES.-Alkalies, mineral acids, metallic salts. Dose, 0.5 mil (8 m). EUCALYPTOL.-Eucalyptol. C10H180=154.14. Synonym.-Cineol. An organic compound obtained from the volatile oil of Eucalyptus Globulus Labillardière (Fam. Myrtacea) and from other sources. SOURCE. In the distillation of Eucalyptus leaves, crude Eucalyptol comes over between 170° and 178°C. (338° and 352.4°F.), and is purified by re-distillation from Caustic Potash or Calcium Chloride. CHARACTERS. -A colorless liquid, having a characteristic, aromatic, and distinctly camphoraceous odor, and a pungent, spicy taste; it produces a cooling sensation in the mouth. Sp. gr., from 0.921 to 0.923 at 25°C. (77°F.). Solubility. -Very slightly in water; miscible with Alcohol, Chloroform, Ether, Glacial Acetic Acid, or fixed or volatile oils. IMPURITIES.-Phenols, other volatile oils, saponifiable oils. For the Therapeutics of Eucalyptus see p. 489. OLEUM ROSMARINI OIL OF ROSEMARY. Abv.-Ol. Rosmar. A volatile oil distilled from the fresh flowering tops of Rosmarinus officinalis Linné (Fam. Labiata), yielding not less than 2.5 per cent. of Ester, calculated as Bornyl Acetate (C10H17C2H3O2 = 196.16), and not less than 10 per cent. of total Borneol (C10H17OH=154.14). Habitat.-Basin of the Mediterranean; cultivated. CHARACTERS.-A colorless or pale yellow liquid, having the characteristic odor of Rosemary, and a camphoraceous taste. Sp. gr., 0.894 to 0.912 at 25°C. (77°F.). Solubility.-In 10 volumes of 80 per cent. Alcohol. COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are (1) Borneol, C10H18O, an alcohol isomeric with Geraniol (see p. 184). (2) The terpene, Pinene, C10H16, 80 per cent. (3) Cineol, C10H18O. (4) Linalool (see p. 204). (5) Menthol (see p. 206). Dose, 0.2 mil (3 m). Oil of Rosemary is contained in Linimentum Saponis and Tinctura Lavandulæ Composita. For the Therapeutics of Oil of Rosemary see p. 492. ARNICA ARNICA. Abv.-Arnic. Synonym.-Leopardsbane. The dried flower-heads of Arnica montana Linné (Fam. Composite). Habitat.-Europe and Northern Asia; in mountainous districts. CHARACTERS.-Consisting chiefly of the tubular and lingulate flowers, occasionally with the involucre and receptacle present; involucral bracts, narrowly, lanceolate, about 1 cm. in length, dark green and pubescent; receptacle slightly convex, deeply pitted and densely short-hairy; ray flowers bright yellow, the ligulate portion 2 cm. in length, more or less folded lengthwise, 3-toothed, 7- to 12-veined, pistillate; tubular flowers perfect, reddish-yellow, stamens without a tail-like appendage (distinguished from anthers in flowers of Inula Helenium Linné, which have two bristles or long tails at the base); the achenes spindleshaped, from 5 to 7 mm. in length, dark brown, finely striate, glandular pubescent and surmounted by a pappus a little longer than the achene and composed of a single circle of nearly white barbellate bristles; odor characteristic and agreeable; taste bitter and acrid. COMPOSITION. (1) Arnicin, an amorphous, yellow, acrid, bitter principle; easily soluble in Alcohol and Ether. (2) Volatile Oil. (3) Caprylic and_Capronic Acids. (4) Resin. (5) Tannic acid. Preparation Tinctura Arnicæ.-Tincture of Arnica. Arnica, 200; by percolation with Diluted Alcohol to 1000. Dose, 1 mil (15 m). For the Therapeutics of Arnica see p. 492. GROUP XI.-The Demulcents Olive Oil, Cottonseed Oil, Sesame Oil, Chondrus, Agar, Glycerin, Althæa, Tragacanth, Acacia, Elm, Glycyrrhiza, Linseed, Sugar, Malt, Starch. OLEUM OLIVE OLIVE OIL. Abv.-Ol. Oliv. Synonym.-Sweet Oil. A fixed oil obtained from the ripe fruit of Olea europæa Linné (Fam. Oleacea). Habitat.-Asia and Southern Europe; cultivated. CHARACTERS.-A pale yellow, or light greenish-yellow, oily liquid, having a slight, peculiar odor and taste, with a faintly acrid after-taste. Sp. gr., 0.910 to 0.915 at 25°C. (77°F.) Solubility.-Slightly in Alcohol; but miscible with Ether, Chloroform, or Carbon Disulphide. COMPOSITION.-The three constituents are―(1) Olein, 72 per cent., a fluid oil, a compound of Oleic Acid (HC18H33O2) and Glyceryl, C¿H¿(C18H33O2)3. (2) Palmitin, 28 per cent., a solid oil, a compound of Palmitic Acid (HC18H33O2), and Glyceryl, C3H5(C16H33O2)3. (3) Arachin, C20H4002. IMPURITIES.-Cottonseed and other oils, especially sesame oil. Dose, 30 mils. (1 fl. oz.). For the Therapeutics of Olive Oil see p. 534. ACIDUM OLEICUM OLEIC ACID. Abv.-Acid. Oleic. C18H3402 or C17H33COOH=282.27. SOURCE. An acid, obtained from fats, prepared in a sufficiently pure condition by cooling commercial Oleic Acid to about 5°C. (41°F.), then separating and preserving the liquid portion. CHARACTERS.-A yellowish or brownish-yellow, oily liquid, having a peculiar, lard-like odor and taste free from rancidity; becoming darker and absorbing oxygen on exposure to air. Sp. gr., about 0.895 at 25°C. (77°F.). When cooled above 9°C. (48.2°F.), it does not become semi-solid, but, on further cooling to 4°C. (39.2°F.), congeals in a whitish, solid mass. Solubility. Practically insoluble in water; soluble in Chloroform, Benzene, Petroleum Benzin, or in fixed or volatile oils; slightly soluble in 60 per cent. Alcohol (by volume); solubility very rapidly increasing in stronger Alcohol. IMPURITIES.-Mineral acids, undecomposed fat, or mineral oil. For the Therapeutics of Oleic Acid see p. 536. |