(4) That over one-tenth of the mothers going out to work left the children at home to the care of husbands who were night workers, unemployed, or working at home.

(5) That more than one-fifth left children virtually without care in the home.

(6) That but 25 mothers out of 522 left children in the care of paid custodians."

No one will deny that here is a situation which portends much evil for our future, for Passaic is only one of many industrial towns, in which we have a right to believe, a similar condition exists. The remedy of family allowances for the dependent minor children, "to be paid to the mother" would assuredly eliminate it.

But there is still another place which offers an alleviation of the evil of women in industry. That is the school. In our earnest desire in this country to give all girls equal educational opportunities with boys, we have neglected most that phase of the girls' personality which is theirs in a superior degree, that of being homemakers; not that boys should not be taught the care of a home and their share in it, but the home-making and home-keeping are so peculiarly in the province of girls, that to develop interests away from these, seems to be to destroy an irreplaceable gift. We do not argue for removing from girl students "cultural" opportunities such as the classical languages, nor for preventing them from following other "higher" studies if they so wish. What we do argue is that most of the subjects taught in the grades but more particularly in high school could be presented from a viewpoint, more natural, congenial and valuable to the girl student; and that with a change in curriculum in the grades, more girls would continue and make successes in high school, than do now. Their entrance to industry would be delayed and in many cases prevented and if they did become wage earners, their choice of work would be more intelligent. But their school work would have prepared them for their final career of home-making and when they would leave industry to assume it, it would be with the conviction that here was a "career" than which the work-a-day

world had none more honorable to offer, none requiring more intelligence, none demanding more devotion, none more fruitful for good to their neighbor, to their nation and to their God.

APPENDIX, WOMEN IN INDUSTRY.

Summary of first and latest wage and hour rulings of the Industrial Welfare Commission of Oregon.

RULINGS FOR EXPERIENCED ADULT WOMEN, 1913.

Portland, Mercantile Occupations, $9.25 a week, Maximum Weekly Hours, 50.

Portland, Manufacturing Occupations, $8.64 a week, Time Rates, Maximum Weekly Hours, 54.

Portland, Office Occupations, $40.00 a month, Maximum Weekly Hours, 48.

Portland, All other occupations and for the rest of the state, in all occupations, $8.25 a week, Maximum Weekly Hours, 54.

RULINGS FOR INEXPERIENCED ADULT WOMEN, 1913.

Any adult woman who had less than one year's experience in an occupation was considered an "inexperienced" worker. The minimum wage for an inexperienced woman, employed at time rates of payment, was fixed at $6.00 a week for the first year.

RULINGS FOR MINOR GIRLS, 1913.

Minor girls, for the purpose of this ruling, were classed as girls under eighteen years of age.

For the entire state, Wage, $6.00 a week; Maximum Hours, 50 a week.

The rulings given above were effective until September 1916. Those which follow are in force at present, but as they have been promulgated during the past seven years, details as to rulings of which they are emendations, and of the dates of their publication are omitted. Details of all rulings are in the Biennial Re

ports of the Commission, 1st Report, 1913-14, latest report, 1921-22. Industrial Welfare Commission of Oregon, 646-648 Court House, Portland, Oregon.

RULINGS IN FORCE, 1924.

EXPERIENCED ADULT WOMEN.

Rulings effective in the entire state; Office occupations, $60.00 a month.

All other occupations,* Minimum wage, $13.20 a week; Maximum hours, 48 a week.

INEXPERIENCED ADULT WOMEN.

Length of term during which a woman may be called inexperienced, one year. Beginning wage, $9.00 a week. Subdivisions of the year into periods of three or four months have been required by the Commission and at the end of each period, the apprentice, if retained is given a higher wage. The subdivisions of the years and the wage for each period have been ruled upon for the different occupations.

OTHER RULINGS.

Minor girls may not be employed after 6 P. M. Mercantile stores in Portland may not employ women after 6 P. M. and mercantile establishments in rural sections of the state, not after 8:30 P. M. Factories and Laundries in the state may not employ women after 8:30 P. M. Maximum hours in all occupations in state,* 48 a week, 9 hours a day.

*Fruit and vegetable canneries have special piece-rate wage rulings; the Commission, by an amendment to the Act, has no authority to regulate hours in the canning industry.

PART II.

WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN OREGON.

The inception of the Equal Suffrage movement in the United States occurred in Seneca Falls, New York, the same year that Congress established the Territory of Oregon, 1848. In the first decade of its existence the idea, without doubt, made more enemies than it did friends. But the "suffragettes" could draw a comparison between the enslaved negroes and the "manacled" disfranchised, white women, "servants without wages '417 as, Oregon's persevering equal suffrage leader frequently described them, and undoubtedly the sympathies of many in the North were aroused by the comparison.

Whether Oregon should come in as a slave or a free state had been a mooted question in Congress which delayed its admission, for it was the last state created prior to the Civil War. Abolition of slavery had been a bitter issue in the territory too, for not all of the residents were opposed to it.418 Though "no slavery" won when the Constitutional Convention submitted the question to popular vote, the Article on Suffrages and Elections did not give full manhood suffrage but restricted it to "white male citizens" with the plain intention of refusing it to negroes and Chinamen.419 Some members of the Convention even questioned whether "free white male inhabitant" was sufficiently restrictive, for, it was argued that a man with one-fourth negro blood might vote; so qualifying this by "pure" white was seriously considered (and voted upon) but the extremeness of the prejudice was probably brought out by one member who facetiously suggested that the voting qualifications should be a "Simon" pure white

One very interesting fact revealed in the report of the Constitutional debates was the motion by David Logan of Multnomah that the word "male" be struck out before "citizen". This seems to have been lost without argument, for the newspaper report of the de

bate simply mentions the motion and adds the word "lost" after421 it, while the Journal of the Convention, though it details other proposed amendments and the action on them does not even mention this as having been proposed.

We have a hint, however, as to the attitude of some members in the debate on the provision that a married woman's property should be exempt from the liabilities of her husband. Mr. George H. Williams, one member who supported a motion to strike out the provision spoke of "this age of woman's rights and insane theories" 422 It seemed to be the belief of some of the constitution makers that the Donation Land Law giving women a right to hold land in their own names had made them about as independent as it was good for them to be.

While the debates were going on a young married woman, a resident of Oregon since 1852, was cogitating, over her household, farm and babies' cares, some of the inequalities as to property control by married women which made the upbringing of a family precarious.423 Though devoted to her genuinely good husband, she had to suffer their hardly earned home and farm to be sold to pay a neighbor's notes on which her husband had given security, contrary to her desire. Later when her husband was incapacitated for hard work by a runaway accident the main support of the family fell upon her. This young woman was Mrs. Abigail Scott Duniway to whom Equal Suffrage in the Northwest owes more than to any other one person. Miss Susan B. Anthony paid her this tribute when introducing her in 1887 to the Congressional Senate Committee assembled to hear the personal pleas of women for the vote.424 "Mrs. Duniway," Miss Anthony said, "has been the one canvasser in the great State of Oregon and Washington Territory, and it is to her that the women of Washington Territory are more indebted than to all other influences for their enfranchisement."

Mrs. Duniway says that she was not an easy convert to the movement; that from childhood she had been led to believe that women who demanded "rights" were