glucinol, Catechol and Resorcinol are formed with other products. A liquid Phenol soap of 12% strength is made by mixing Carbolic Acid, Caustic Potash, Oleic Acid and water (Chem. Ind., 1897, 346). Helmers makes Phenol soluble by means of the Sulphonic Acid of mineral or Resin Oil (Ger. Pats., 76,133 and 80,260). Ortho-Oxyquinoline is employed by Fritzsche (Ger. Pat., 88,520) in dissolving Phenol in all proportions in water. Alb. Friedlander (Ger. Pat., 181,288) makes Phenol soluble in water by adding small quantities of Sulphonic Acids or Sulphonates. Hiscott (B. P. 20,246, 1896) mixes 50 to 100 parts commercial Carbolic Acid with half its weight of melted Resin, sufficient concentrated Caustic Soda solution, and 7 to 8 parts of Cotton-seed or Cocoanut Oil, to make the Phenol soluble. Jeyes (B. P. 16,427, 1885) saponifies Carbolic Acid and Cocoanut oil, by Caustic Soda, and makes the product more soluble by adding Sodium Sulphate, or Carbonate, during the fusion. Hargreaves (B. P. 18,469, 1889) employs the Chlorinated Phenols or their salts for the same purpose. Carbolic Acid soap is sold to contain from 10 to 20% of Phenol, but usually contains much less and loses a part by evaporation (Allen's Org. Anal.). Solutions of Phenol in oil do not possess the same disinfecting power as those in water (Koch. Wolffhugel and Knorre, J. S. C. I., 1882, 244). Disinfectant powders made from Phenol and Calcium Sulphite, China Clay, Lime and other materials are now numerous. Carbolic Acid tablets for deodorizing the air in closets, hospitals, etc., are in popular use. Phenolith is anhydrous Boric Acid and Phenol. (Holtz, Ger. Pat., 6498), (Lutze, British Pat., 22,136, 1897). Phenol and Oxalic Acid are mixed by Rutgers (Ger. Pats., 137,584 and 141,421). Dawson (British Pat., 11,908, 1895) gelatinizes Phenol by adding waxes. England (British Pat., 16,422, 1894) makes antiseptic manure of Phenol, Superphosphates and Gypsum. Lysopast and Phenopast are mixtures of Lysol and Phenol. Raetz (British Pat., 27,889, 1903) renders solutions of Phenols solid, by treating them with Aldehydes and Ketones. Phenolphthalein is made from Phthalic Anhydride and Phenol (Ber., 1871, 4, 658), (Ber., 1876, 9, 1230), (Ann., 1880, 202, 68). Diphenylene Oxide is produced when Phenol is distilled over Lead Oxide. Aurine results when Phenol is heated with Oxalic or Formic Acid and dehydrating agents. Potassium Permanganate oxidizes Phenol to inactive or Mesotartaric Acid. Chlorine changes Phenol to Keto-chlorides. Chlorine and Caustic Soda convert Phenol into Trichlor-Rpentene dioxycarboxylic Acid. Anisole is obtained by heating Phenol and Caustic Potash with Ethyl or Methyl Iodine in Alcohol solution. Alkali salts of Phenol are converted by Carbon Dioxide, at higher temperatures, into the Alkali salts or Oxy-acids, PhenolCarboxylic Acids (Salicylic Acid). Salicylic Acid is produced by passing heated Carbon Dioxide over Sodium Phenolate (Kolbe). It is used largely in medicine and chiefly in the form of its Sodium salt, and as a component in the production of mordant Azo-dyes. The suphonation of Phenol furnishes Phenol-sulphonic Acids, which find their use in the manufacture of dyestuffs and medicine. (Sozolic Acid and Aseptol) their salts are sometimes sold as Sozoidols. Of all the above technical uses, probably the commonest are for disinfectants, Salicylic Acid, and for synthetic Resins. The foregoing are not by any means the only uses of Phenol, but they serve to show that Phenol, or Carbolic Acid, has an extensive use in the technical arts and for pharmaceutical purposes, aside from its frequent use in the production of Picric Acid or Trinitro Phenol, which appears as Melinite, Roburite, Shimosite and Lyddite, the high explosives of modern warfare. THE REDDENING OF PHENOL. The reddening of Phenol is attributed to many different causes. Kohn & Fryer (J. S. C. I., 1893, 107) claim the presence of Thiophene causes the red coloration of Phenol. Acid. Kraemer claims the reddening of Phenol is due to Benzoic Sicha attributes it to traces of Copper (J. S. C. I., 1882, 397). Sheet steel tank, 24 in. diam. with 54 ft. to 72 ft. of 2 in. welded pipe coil, tank 4 to 6 ft. high. Can be built for $45.00 to $60.00. 1 sheet of detail drawings of this coil condenser and names of manufacturers who have submitted bids. Price, $10.00. Also drawings of smaller sized coil condensers and condensers ar ranged differently. Kremel, to other metals (Chem. Zeit., 1886, Rep., 14), and also Meyke (Fischers, Jahresber., 1883, 513). Yvon assumes it to be Rosalic acid (Pharm. J., Trans., 1881, 1051). Ebell, to other oxidised compounds (Rupert anal. Chem., 1884, 17), also Richardson (J. S. C. I., XII, 415), Bach (Monit. Scient., 4, VIII, 508), Gordon, Boes and Reuter. Kramer & Spilker (Berl. Ber., 1890, 648) claim the coloration is due to Indene. ESTIMATION OF PHENOL (BIBLIOGRAPHY). Messinger & Vortmann (Ber., 1890, XXIII, 2753). Schryver (J. S. C. I., 1899, XVIII, 553). Weinreb (Monatsh., 1885, 506). Beckurts (Arch. d Pharm., 1886, XXIV, 561). Koppeschaar (Z. anal. Chem., 1876, 233). Waller (Chem. News, XLIII, 152). Allen (Com. Org. Analysis, 1879, I, 307). Diacosa (Rep. analyt. Chem., II, 137; J. S. C. I., 1802, 203). Degener (J. prakt. Chem., 2, XVII, 390). Chandelon (Bull. Soc. Chim., XXXVIII, 69). Moerk (Chem. Centr., 1904, II, 1764). Lloyd (Chem. Centr., 1905, I, 599). Storch (Berl. Ber., XXVII, 90). Tocher (Pharm. Jour., LXVI, 360). Reuter (Chem. Centr., 1905, I, 1012). Raschig (Z. angew. Chem., 1907, 2065). Hantzsch and Desch (Annalen, CCCXXIII, 1902, p. 1). Orlow (Chem. Zeit., Rep., 1902, 164). Fiora (Chem. Centr., 1901, I, 843). Herzog (Pharm. Zeit., 1907, 578). Raschig (Pharm. Zeit., 1908). Characteristic reactions of Phenol are given by Peters (Z. angew. Chem., 1898, 1078). A PROFITABLE ENTERPRISE. There is probably no other chemical today, that is used in liberal quantities, that has offered the splendid opportunities for investment that Phenol has. This situation has now existed for one year. Twelve months ago Carbolic Acid was 50c. per pound, and it now sells for $1.50. The price has fluctuated between $1.50 and $1.75 for some time. At 50c. it was a splendid business opportunity, and then meant a profit of over 30c. per pound. Today this profit is nearly $1.25 per pound, and the demand for it is without limit. In normal times we import over 3,000 tons annually for technical purposes alone, and these wants have now increased probably 50% without the war requirements. All stocks of Phenol were long ago exhausted, and what little is now made goes into Picric Acid or into the Salicylates, either of which pays handsomely no matter what the Phenol costs. It would take 15 plants, each producing one ton of Phenol per day, to take care of the peaceful requirements for Carbolic Acid, not counting the requirements for replenishing the exhausted stocks long since disposed of. Then an equal number of plants could produce Phenol for Picric Acid purposes and make no impression whatever on the Picric Acid demands. Single requisitions of 1,000 tons of Picric Acid have come to this country without finding a single taker, and one order of this kind would run two Phenol plants, each producing one ton of Phenol per day for 12 months each, and as many more similar orders could be had as wanted just for the asking. Is there then any other Chemical, in the whole list of needed articles, in which such opportunities have been offered as in Phenol, and the American public today is about as hesitant in taking it up as they were twelve months ago. Any plant that would have been running for the past six months, and producing one ton per day of Phenol, could have made a clean profit of nearly one-half million dollars, and on a plant costing less than $35,000 for land, buildings, power, machinery, apparatus and everything included. Why then has there been this reluctance to engage in so lucrative an enterprise? The answer is "ignorance" and the acceptance of the supposition that we really are not able to make the chemicals that |