4. Children under fifteen not accompanied by adults must have a written permission to land in Brazil from a Brazilian Consulate, as well as a duly viséd birth certificate.

The definitely excluded classes include:

(1) Travelers over sixty years of age without (a) friends or relatives in Brazil or (b) means of subsistence. (2) Any persons who are crippled or otherwise disabled, unless financially independent or whose subsistence is otherwise guaranteed.

That is, foreigners arriving at Brazilian ports, traveling third class, under 60 years of age, and who are not suffering from contagious diseases, nor plying illicit trades, and who are not criminals, beggars, rogues, vagabonds, lunatics, or invalids, may be admitted as immigrants.

5. The Federal Government, without interfering with the liberty of similar action on the part of the states, will direct and facilitate the placing of agricultural immigrants on land, and at the time of settling will protect and advise such immigrants. On first being installed the state will provide immigrants with tools and seeds free of charge. The states may give assistance to immigrants independent of that given by the Union.

6. Farms of from 25 to 50 hectares (61.7 to 123.5 acres) will be sold to agricultural immigrants for cash or on the installment plan, the size of the farm depending on the location, but immigrants not accompanied by their families must pay cash for farm lands. An agricultural immigrant who has been less than two years in Brazil, who marries a Brazilian woman, or the daughter of a Brazilian born in the country, or the Brazilian who marries an alien woman who has been in the country less than two years as an immigrant, will be given a farm free, provided they have lived in harmony for a year and have improved the said farm.

7. Immigrants are transported to the land free of charge, and are given gratis (once only) seeds, hoes, spades, picks, axes, and scythes.

8. Immigrants have from five to eight years in which to pay for their land, and if cash payments are made a discount of 12 per cent. is allowed.

9. Immigrants receive free board and lodging at the port of disembarkation, and free transportation, including baggage, to inland destination. Baggage and tools are admitted free. At the port of Rio de Janeiro the Federal Government pays the expenses incurred in the reception and distribution of immigrants. In state ports, such as Bahia, Santos, etc., this expense is borne by the state.

10. The Government will repatriate agricultural immigrants who have come at their own expense, if they have resided less than two years in Brazil and are incapacitated from earning their living and have none of their family to support them.

The influence of our own legislation may be seen in the classes which are excluded; it is but natural that our wide experience in experimenting with the regulation of immigration should be influential with other countries. Each nation in turn, however, makes the discovery that wise interpretation and enforcement of law are essential to the success of any policy.

NATURALIZATION OF ALIENS

Citizenship in Brazil is defined and determined by the Naturalization Law of May 14, 1908, of which the following synopsis 11 is self-explanatory:

Article I. The following persons are considered to be Brazilian citizens:

(1) Those who are born in Brazil, although the father may be a foreigner, provided he is not employed in the service of the nation to which he belongs. "J. C. Oakenfull: Brazil, pages 207-209. Technical clauses not essential in this study are omitted.

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(2) The children of Brazilian fathers, and illegitimate children of Brazilian mothers, born in foreign countries, if domiciled in Brazil.

(3) The children of Brazilian fathers employed in the service of the Republic in foreign countries, although not domiciled in Brazil.

(4) Foreigners who resided in Brazil on November 15, 1889, and who had not up to August 24, 1891,

declared their intention of retaining their original nationality.

(5) Foreigners owning real estate in Brazil, married to Brazilian women, or having Brazilian issue, provided they are resident in Brazil, and have not declared their intention to adhere to their original nationality.

(6) Foreigners who apply for naturalization under the present law.

Art. II. Naturalized foreigners shall enjoy all civil and political rights, and may hold any public office, except that of President or Vice-President of the Republic. The office of Senator may be held after six years' citizenship, and that of Deputy after four years.

Art. IV. Foreigners who desire Brazilian citizenship must apply to the President of the Republic, through the Ministry of Justice. Applications must be signed and authenticated by a notary public, and must state nationality, parentage, domicile, profession, condition, and legitimate issue must also be mentioned.

Applications must be accompanied by certificate of personal identity, legal age, residence of not less than two years in Brazil, good moral and civil conduct, and proof that applicants have not been indicted in Brazil or elsewhere for the offences enumerated in Article IX.

Art. V. Necessity of actual residence shall not be obligatory in the cases of foreigners married to Brazilian women, those with real estate in Brazil, those interested in some indus

trial undertaking, or who are inventors or introducers of some industry useful to the country, and those recommended by their talents or literary attainments, or by their professional skill, and finally, sons of naturalized foreigners born abroad before their fathers' naturalization.

Art. VI. Certificates from public departments, or given by judicial, municipal, or police authorities of Brazil, are sufficient proof of identity. Certification of signatures by notaries, or in case of application through the latter, power of attorney, is sufficient, and birth or baptism certificates, or passports, or other admitted documents, will be proof of legal majority, and certificates from the authorities of his place of domicile, from his consul or diplomatic representative, will be accepted as proof that he has not been convicted of the crimes mentioned in Article IX.

Art. VIII. Papers relating to naturalization are exempt from all costs, stamps, or fees.

Art. IX. Foreigners who have been convicted of homicide, theft, bankruptcy, perjury, smuggling, forgery, counterfeiting, or immorality will not be permitted to naturalize.

Art. XVI. The titles of naturalization must be claimed within six months by persons living in the Federal capital. Art. XVII. Persons residing in the states must claim their titles within one year.

The situation in Brazil at the present time is of unusual interest because of the great unoccupied areas which extend opportunity to peoples now practically excluded from the United States, and also because there have not heretofore been the usual race antagonisms. The country offers little to unskilled laborers of any nationality who want to live in cities. Ninety per cent of the Portuguese in Brazil are in the cities and have pre-empted urban occupations. The Germans, on the other hand, are rural dwellers, and have pointed the way to success on the soil. The land-hungry are the people desired by the great immigrant-receiving countries having vast areas awaiting development, and it is these people to whom Brazil extends a cordial hand.

CHAPTER XI

SETTLERS AND LAWS IN THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC

SIZE AND POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF ARGENTINA

The Argentine Republic, popularly known as Argentina, with an area of 1,153,418 square miles, is about equal in size to that portion of the United States lying east of the Mississippi River. The population as officially estimated is 9,000,000. Originally discovered by a Spaniard in 1516, this part of South America has, in language and customs, remained Spanish, although both Portugal and England, through later discoveries and the fortunes of war, from time to time attempted conquest. In 1816 the Argentine provinces, owing to defeat of the Spaniards by the patriot army in 1812, were declared an independent Republic, and a government modeled on that of the United States was established. The country is divided into a Federal District and twenty-four territories and provinces as follows: