23, 32, 40, 51.

Amen, Samuel D., mentioned, X, 800. Amendments.-One of the chief defects of the original Articles of Confederation was that they could only be amended by the unanimous consent of the thirteen States. Three needful changes having failed of ratification, a convention was called in 1787 to consider amendments. The result of the deliberations of this convention is the present Constitution, which provides for amendments in the following words: "The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which in either case shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several States or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided," etc. (Article V: I, 31.) Many amendments to the Constitution have been proposed, but only 15 have been ratified. They relate to (1) freedom of speech, the press, and religion (I, 34); (2) right to establish State militia (I, 34); (3) quartering of troops in private houses (I, 35); (4) security against unreasonable search and seizure (1, 35); (5) capital crime (I, 35); (6) criminal prosecutions (I, 35); (7) trial by jury under common law (1, 35); (8) forbidding excessive bail or fines and cruel and unusual punishment(1,36); (9) relation of constitutional to natural rights (1, 36); (10) powers reserved to the States (1, 36); (II) suits of nonresidents against States in Federal courts (I, 36); (12) election of President and Vice-President (I, 36); (13) slavery (I, 37); (14 and 15) abridgment of the franchise, etc., by States (I, 37, 38). The first 10 of the amendments were submitted to the several State legislatures by a resolution of Congress which passed on Sept. 25, 1789, at the first session of the First Congress, and were ratified by a sufficient number of States on or before Dec. 15, 1791. The eleventh amendment was declared adopted Jan. 8, 1798; the twelfth Sept. 25, 1804; the thirteenth Dec. 18, 1865; the fourteenth July 28, 1868, and the fifteenth Mar. 30, 1870.

Amendments. (See Constitution.) America. The entire Western Continent or grand division of the world, including North, Central, and South America and the adjacent islands. It was named in honor of Amerigo Vespucci, an early explorer, whose accounts of the country received wide publicity. It was visited by Norse navigators as early as about 1000 A.D., and there are myths of Chi

nese and Irish discoveries, but it was not until after its discovery by Columbus in 1492 that it became generally known to Europeans. In a treatise on the new country published in 1507,called Cosmographiæ Introductio, by Waldseemüller, a teacher of geography in the college of St. Die in the Vosges, the name of America was proposed. On the north the country includes the unexplored regions of the Arctic Ocean, and extending south all the land between the Atlantic and Pacific. The northern portion of America consists of a central basin divided by a watershed and marked by Hudsons Bay and its feeders on the north and drained by the Mississippi,Missouri, and Ohio rivers and their tributaries flowing into the Gulf of Mexico on the south. This great basin is separated from the ocean on each side by ranges of mountains in the general form of the letter V, having the Rocky Mountains for one arm and the Appalachian system for the other, the latter being shortened by the depression of the St. Lawrence River, which runs transversely to the general course of other rivers of the great basin. In South America the Andes-a continuation of the Rocky Mountain system-skirts the Pacific coast, and the general course of the rivers is to the southeast, except those north of the valley of the Amazon, which run north to the Caribbean Sea, an arm of the Gulf of Mexico. All America, from the frigid zone of the north through the torrid Tropics to the icy extreme of the south, is rich in either mineral or vegetable products or the flesh and furs of native animals. The original inhabitants of the country, called Indians (q. v.), have now almost entirely disappeared in most regions before the advance of the Caucasian race. The several political divisions of America are treated under separate headings.

America, Four Hundredth Anniversary of Discovery of:

Celebration of. (See Madrid, Spain; World's Columbian Exposition.)

Observance of, enjoined by proclamation,
IX, 289.

America, Russian. (See Alaska.)
American National Red Cross :

Aid furnished Cubans by, discussed, X, 59, 83. Work accomplished by, in Spanish-American War, discussed, X, 95. American Nations, Congress of. (See Panama, Isthmus of.)

American Protective Association.-While disclaiming to be a political party, this association, popularly known as the A. P. A., has influenced results in many localities. Its principles, as set forth in a platform adopted at Des Moines, Iowa, in 1894, are (1) protection of our nonsectarian free public-school system; (2) no public funds or property to be used for sectarian purposes; (3) preserving and maintaining the Constitution and Government of the United States; (4) restriction of immigration, and (5) extension of time required for naturalization. The association was organized in 1887, and soon had well-attended councils in nearly every State of the Union.

American Republics, Bureau of the International Union of.-A bureau established upon the recommendation of the Pan-American Conference of October, 1889, for the

American Republics, Bureau of the International Union of-Continued.

prompt collection and distribution of information concerning the American Republics. Its first report was transmitted to Congress in 1891 (IX, 212). In 1902 it was reorganized and placed under the control of a governing board composed of the diplomatic representatives of the American republics, at Washington, with the Secretary of State of the United States as chairman. The Bureau publishes a Monthly Bulletin and answers questions concerning the American republics and their commercial conditions. The Bureau also established in 1902 a Latin American Library to be known as The Columbus Memorial Library. The Bureau is supported by the several republics composing it, according to their population. The information supplied by the Bureau is of much commercial value. (See also International American Conference.)

American Republics, Bureau of:
Buildings of, X, 676.

Bulletins of, transmitted, IX, 243, 350.
Discussed, X, 113, 124, 156, 211.

Report of, transmitted, IX, 212, 334, 475, 569, 667, 751; X, 124.

American Seamen. (See Seamen, American.) American Society of Mechanical Engineers, memorial of, relating to Ericsson transmitted, IX, 130.

American System.-In his annual message, December, 1848, President Polk discussed what its authors and advocates called the "American system" (IV, 654). He insisted that this so-called system was founded on a departure from the earliest policy of the Government; that it depended on an enlargement of the powers of the Federal Government by construction and was not warranted by a just interpretation of the Constitution. One branch of the new system, it was claimed, was the establishment of a large national bank. The next branch was a high protective tariff, levied not to raise the revenue needed, but for protection merely; the next was a comprehensive scheme of internal improvements, and finally a plan for the distribution of the proceeds of the sales of the public lands among the. States. But the term "American system," as most generally understood, is used to denote the policy of protection to home industries by means of high duties on imports. The term was probably first used by Henry Clay in the debates which preceded the enactment of the tariff law of 1824, when he called his plan of protective duties and internal improvements the "American system." American System discussed by President Polk, IV, 654.

American Wood Preserving Co., purchase of machinery from, referred to, VIII, 89. Americanism, President Roosevelt defines, X, 823.

Ames, Fisher:

Commissioner to treat with Indians, nomination of, I, 260.

On committee to conduct inaugural ceremony of President Washington, I, 47. Amin Bey, visit of, to United States referred to, V, 119. Amistad Case.-The case of the United States against the Spanish vessel Amistad. A cargo of kidnapped Africans, who had

been landed near Havana, Cuba, by a Portuguese slaver, was shortly afterwards placed aboard the Spanish vessel Amistad for shipment to Puerto Principe. On the voyage the negroes took possession of the vessel and ordered the crew to return to Africa; but the sailors brought her into American waters, where, off the coast of Long Island, she was captured by a United States war vessel and carried into New London, Conn., Aug. 29, 1839. On a libel for salvage the Supreme Court of the United States held on appeal that the negroes, having been kidnapped from a foreign country, were free men, and not bound by treaties with Spain. Amistad, The:

Appropriations for claimants in case of, recommended, IV, 551; V, 209, 446, 511, 561. Claims arising out of, V, 98, 184. Negroes taken on board, referred to, III, 639.

Reference to, IV, 275; V, 641.

Release of, demanded by Spanish minister, III, 588.

Salvage due on, referred to, IV, 232. Ammunition. (See Arms and Ammunition.) Amnesty.-An act of pardon for political offenses. The effect of it is that the crimes and offenses against the State specified in the act are so obliterated that they can never again be charged against the guilty parties. When amnesty is proclaimed without restriction as to persons or localities it is called absolute. Numerous instances of qualified amnesty are found in ancient and modern history. When Thrasybulus overthrew the oligarchy at Athens he proclaimed an amnesty, excepting 30 tyrants and a few of their followers. President Lincoln's first amnesty proclamation excepted all officers or agents of the Confederate government, all army officers above the rank of colonel, all naval officers above the rank of lieutenant, all persons who left the service of the United States to participate in the insurrection, and all those who had resigned from the military or naval service and afterwards participated in rebellion; also all those who had treated colored persons or those in charge of them otherwise than as prisoners of war (VI, 213). Dec. 25, 1868, President Johnson proclaimed absolute amnesty (VI, 708). Amnesty (see also Pardons):

Proclamation of President Lincoln, VI, 213. Discussed, VI, 189, 254.

Persons entitled to benefits of, defined, VI, 218.

Referred to, VI, 310.

Proclamation of President Roosevelt, X, 496. Proclamations of President Johnson, VI, 310, 547, 655, 708.

Authority for, discussed, VI, 697.
Circular regarding, VI, 341.

Persons worth more than $20,000 to whom
special pardons issued, referred to, VI,
385.

Referred to, VI, 461, 471, 524, 581. Recommendations of President Grant regarding, VII, 153, 255.

Amphion, H. B. M. S., protects American interests, X, 587.

Amphitrite, The, mentioned, X, 93.
Amsterdam, Netherlands:

Accounts of bankers of United States in, rendered, I, 121.

Loan contracted by United States with, I, 128.

Anadarko, Okla., referred to, X, 489. Anarchy, legislation for suppressing, recommended, X, 419, 420.

Anatolia College, partial destruction of, by mob in Turkey, and indemnity paid for, discussed, IX, 440.

Anderson, Edward C., lieutenant in Navy, resignation of, referred to, V, 74, 76.

Anderson, John H., appointed to Civil Service, X, 633.

Anderson, Mary, act granting pension to, vetoed, VIII, 445.

Anderson, Richard C., minister to Panama, nomination of, II, 320.

Anderson, Robert:

Commander of forts in Charleston Harbor, V, 658.

Dispatches of, while in command of Fort Sumter referred to, VI, 12, 21.

Empowered to receive volunteer troops, VI,

18.

Flag over Fort Sumter at evacuation of, to be raised on ruins of, by, VI, 283. Anderson, Sarah C., act granting pension to, vetoed, VIII, 712.

Anderson, Willis, proclamation offering reward for, II, 377.

Anderson Case.-A negro named Anderson was found wandering around the plantation of Seneca Diggs, in Missouri. He had no pass, and was arrested by Mr. Diggs as a fugitive slave. The negro plunged a knife into his captor's heart and made his escape to Canada. Upon demand he was surrendered to the Government of the United States under the extradition treaty. He was tried, but was discharged on a technical point. Anderson Case referred to, V, 668. Andrews, T. P., treaty with Indians concluded by, IV, 454.

Anduaga, Don Joaquin de, letter of, regarding insults offered Spanish officers by Gen. Jackson, II, 140.

Angell, James B.:

Member of commission to consider construction of canal from Great Lakes to Atlantic Ocean, IX, 747..

Treaty with Great Britain on subject of fisheries concluded by, VIII, 604. Angers, David d', bust of Washington by, X, 710.

Animal Industry, Bureau of:

Appropriation for, discussed, IX, 455, 547. Inspector and assistant inspector in, recommendation that diplomas and examinations be required of applicants for, IX, 455.

Report of, X, 552, 709.

(See also Agriculture, Department of.) Animals and Animal Products:

un

Commission appointed to report on healthfulness of, discussed and recommendations regarding, VIII, 206. Contagious diseases among animals discussed, VII, 626, 628; VIII, 184, 527, 798; IX, 329, 455.

Exportation of, discussed, VII, 626; IX, 119, 328, 455, 546.

Importation of, into United States

Discussed, IX, 455.

Laws prohibiting, in certain cases recommended, VIII, 612. Proclamation removing prohibition on, IX, 593. Restrictions upon importation of, into foreign countries

France regarding, IX, 82.

Germany, France, Belgium, and Den-
mark regarding, IX, 668.

Discussed, VIII, 362; IX, 119, 206.
Removed, IX, 181, 206, 328.

Annals of Congress. A record of the de-
bates and proceedings of Congress from the
commencement of the First Congress, Mar.
4, 1789, to the close of the first session of the
Eighteenth Congress, May 27, 1824. The
Annals also contain many valuable state
papers, public documents, laws, and much
correspondence. (See Congressional Globe;
Congressional Record; Register of Debates.)
Annapolis, The, mentioned, X, 93.
Annapolis, Md.:

Act for erection of public building at, reasons for applying pocket veto to, VIII, 486.

Naval Academy at. (See Naval Academy.) Annexation. After the adoption of the Federal Constitution the individual States ceded to the United States all territory west of the lines they established as their western boundaries. In the original charters this territory extended nominally to the Pacific Ocean, but really only to the Mississippi River, for Louisiana and Florida were Spanish possessions. In 1800 Louisiana was retroceded by Spain to France, and was acquired by the United States from the latter Apr. 30, 1803, by payment of $15,000,000. The territory embraced all of the present State of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi River, together with New Orleans and the adjacent district east; Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, a portion of Idaho and Minnesota, all of the Dakotas, most of Kansas, all of Nebraska and Indian Territory, part of Colorado, most of Wyoming, and the whole of Montana, and contained 1,171,931 sq. miles. Feb. 22, 1819, Florida was ceded to the United States by Spain for $5,000,000. Texas, which had for 9 years existed as an independent Republic, was added to the United States as a State Dec. 29, 1845. As a result of the Mexican War and the payment of $18,250,000 to Mexico and $10,000,000 to Texas, territory including what are now California and Utah and portions of New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, Wyoming. and Colorado was added, and later the southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico were by the Gadsden treaty purchased from Mexico. Alaska was acquired in 1867 by purchase, the price being $7,200,000, and Hawaii in 1898 by treaty. By the Treaty of Paris, between the United States and Spain at the close of the Spanish-American War, December 10, 1898, the Philippine Islands; Guam, of the Ladrone Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Isle of Pines were ceded to the United States. Tutuila, Tau, Onesinga and Ofu, of the Samoan group, were acquired in 1899 by treaty with Great Britain and Germany. Wake and other small islands in the

Antietam (Md.), Battle of—Continued.

claim that this was a drawn battle, and that the total effective force of Lee was a little more than 35,000. This was called by the Confederates the battle of Sharpsburg. Antilles. A term used to designate generally all of the West India Islands except the Bahamas. The Greater Antilles are Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, and Puerto Rico. The Lesser Antilles consist of two chains, one trending in a southeasterly curve from Puerto Rico to the Gulf of Paria, on the northeast coast of Venezuela, and the other stretching westward north of Venezuela to the Gulf of Maracaibo. The Spanish called the latter chain the Leeward Islands and the former the Windward Islands, but strictly speaking the Leeward Islands are all those north of the fifteenth parallel north latitude, and the Windward are south of that line. Antwerp, Belgium:

Industrial exposition at, IX, 524. Loan contracted with, I, 128. Apache Indians. A confederation of the Athapascan stock of North American Indians, consisting of a dozen or more tribes. In 1598 they inhabited northwestern New Mexico, and later spread over the valley of the Gila River. By 1800 their range extended from the Colorado River eastward to central Texas, and later they made incursions into Mexico as far south as Durango. They were the terror of the early Spanish settlers, and since the annexation of their territory to the United States they have given the Government much trouble under the leadership of such famous braves as Cochise, Mangus, Colorado, and Geronimo ( III, 514). White settlers opposed the plan of the Government to remove the Apaches to a reservation in New Mexico, and on Apr. 30, 1871, over 100 of the Indians were massacred at Fort Grant, Ariz. The Apaches, numbering some 6,200, are now confined to reservations in Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma.

Apache Indians:

Agreement between Cherokee Commission and, IX, 333

Appropriation for support of, etc., recommended, VIII, 105.

Imprisonment of, recommendations regarding, VIII, 789; IX, 60, 66, 536. Lands of, opened, X, 488, 514. Suppression of hostilities among, discussed, VII, 572; VIII, 50, 358, 514, 789. Treaty with, V, 191, 229; VI, 193, 375, 598. War with. (See Indian Wars.) Apalachicola Indians, treaty with, III, 37. Apollo, The, seizure of, by American Government referred to, II, 100.

Appeals, Courts of. (See Courts of Appeals.) Appointing Power of President. (See Executive Nominations.)

Appointments to Office. (See Executive Nominations.)

Appomattox (Va.), Battle of.-After the battle

of Farmville, Apr. 7, 1865, Lee moved off toward the west, closely followed by Meade on the north side of the Appomattox. Sheridan, learning of the arrival of supply trains for Lee's army at Appomattox Station, pushed forward for that place with all the cavalry. Lee's hopeless condition being now apparent, Grant sent him a note inviting surrender. Lee replied, asking for terms, and Grant insisted upon the unconditional surrender of

the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. On the night of April 8 Custer, who was in Sheridan's advance, reached Appomattox Station, where the Confederate advance had just arrived. He attacked the forces and captured 25 guns and 4 supply trains, a hospital train, and a park of wagons. During the night Sheridan came up, and by daylight was joined by Gen. Ord's command and the Fifth Corps. Lee was now only 20 miles from Lynchburg, his objective point. At first, underestimating the opposing forces, he ordered Gen. Gordon to make a reconnoissance and attack. Sheridan's cavalry withdrew to one side and revealed the lines of Ord's and Griffin's commands in line of battle. Gordon sent forward a white flag. Gen. Lee then dispatched a note to Gen. Grant request ing an interview, which being allowed closed with the signing of articles of surrender of Lee's army and camp followers, about 27,000 men. The officers and men were paroled Apr. 12 and allowed to return to their homes. All public property was turned over, but the officers were allowed to keep their side arms and both officers and men to retain their private horses and baggage. Apportionment. The distribution of representation in the Federal House of Representatives and in the general assemblies of the various States. In the Continental Congress each State had but one vote. Long contention over the matter of representation finally led to the establishment of two Houses of Congress the Senate, wherein all States should have equal representation regardless of area or population, and the House, in which each State should have representation in proportion to its population. President Washington vetoed a bill on this subject (I, 124). A census was taken and I Representative was allowed for every 30,000 inhabitants. This rule governed apportionments for 70 years, though the ratio was changed from time to time as the population increased. In order to keep the number of members of the House a fixed quantity, the Thirty-first Congress decided to divide the representative population by 233 after each census, and by the quotient thus obtained divide the representative population of each State. This gave the number of Representatives to which each State was entitled, and when the total number fell short of 233, Representatives were allowed the States having the largest fractions after division. According to the apportionment act of January 16, 1901, it was provided that after March 3, 1903, the House should be composed of 386 members, to be chosen in districts composed of contiguous and compact territory and containing nearly as practicable an equal number of inhabitants, each district electing one Representative. It was also provided that in case of an increase allowed any State, such additional ones shall be elected by the State at large until the State shall be redistricted; and that whenever a new State is admitted to the Union the Representative or Representatives assigned to it shall be in addition to the number 386. According to the census of 1900 the ratio of apportionment was 199,102, and as this gave only 384 Representatives, Nebraska and Virginia were each allowed one additional, making a total of 386 Representatives. (See also Gerrymander.)