Spain-Continued. Duties on, referred to, II, 575, 593; IV, 399. Insult to American flag by, reparation must be made for, I, 575. Interfered with by United States. (See Amistad, The; Nuestra Señora, The; Providencia, The.) Minister of, displeased with decision of United States Supreme Court regarding, IV, 232. Recommendation of President regarding, IV, 232. Release of, demanded by minister of, III, 588. Repair of, at American docks referred to, VII, 51. Tonnage on, application made for reduction in, III, 578. Vessels of United States Fines imposed upon, by, and retaliatory measures discussed, VIII, 39, 127, 176, 199, 201; IX, 529. Abolished, VIII, 223, 570. Must have certificate to enter ports of, I, 155. Seized or interfered with by, discussed by President Adams, John, I, 253. Cleveland, VIII, 334; IX, 636. Grant, VII, 32, 98, 235, 241, 242, 256, 322, Hayes, VII, 484, 608. Pierce, V, 228, 234, 245, 336, 367. (See also Black Hawk, The; El Dorado, The; Georgiana, The; Virginius The.) War with France Declaration of, by Spain, March 23, 1793. Privateers not to be commissioned, II, 210. Referred to, II, 252. South American Republics- Good offices of United States tendered, Accepted, VII, 33, 98, 190. Spangler, Edward, implicated in assassination of President Lincoln, proceedings of trial and verdict of military commission, VI, 334, 335, 336, 342, 347, 348. Spanish-American Provinces. (See South American Provinces; South American Republics.) Spanish-American War.-In February, 1895, the natives of Cuba, being dissatisfied with the treatment accorded them by Spain and discontented with the government afforded them, determined to throw off the yoke of oppression, with all the unreasonable burdens which it imposed. They took up arms against the mother country, and quickly the entire island was in a state of insurrection. This insurrection, like previous revolutions which had occurred in the island, was not at first considered of sufficient importance to warrant interference or recognition on the part of the United States. A similar outbreak in the island occurred in 1868, during the Administration of President Grant. In his message to Congress Dec. 6, 1869, President Grant said: "The contest [in the island] has at no time assumed the conditions which amount to a war in the sense of international law, or which would show the existence of a de facto political organization of the insurgents sufficient to justify a recognition of belligerency " (VII, 31). In a message of June 13, 1870, describing the conditions in the island, he said: "The insurrection itself, although not subdued, exhibits no signs of advance, but seems to be confined to an irregular system of hostilities, carried on by small and illy armed bands of men, roaming without concentration through the woods and the sparsely populated regions of the island, attacking from ambush convoys and small bands of troops, burning plantations and the estates of those not sympathizing with their cause" (VII, 64). Again, Dec. 7, 1875, in a message to Congress he used the following language in respect to conditions in the island:"Considered as a question of expediency, I regard the accordance of beiligerent rights still to be as unwise and premature as I regard it to be, at present, indefensible as a measure of right" (VII, 339). President Cleveland entertained an opinion in regard to the insurrection in Cuba arising in 1895 similar to those expressed by President Grant in regard to the insurrection of 1868, and in his message of Dec. 2 of that year he said: "Whatever may be the traditional sympathy of our countrymen as individuals with a people who seem to be struggling for larger autonomy and greater freedom, deepened, as such sympathy naturally must be, in behalf of our neighbors, yet the plain duty of their Government is to observe in good faith the recognized obligations of international relationship" (IX, 636). He insisted that belligerent rights should not be accorded to the insurgents, because of peril and injury to our own interests. He said in his message of Dec. 7, 1896: "Imperfect and restricted as the Spanish government of the island may be, no other exists there, unless the will of the military officer in temporary command of a particular district can be dignified as a species of government" (IX. 719). The foregoing expressions of opinion prove unmistakably that there was no reaching out on the part of the United States to interfere with the Spanish rule in Cuba. When President McKinley was inaugurated the insurrection described by his immediate predecessor still existed, and the grave questions which had confronted the latter were now presented for his consideration. He declined to interfere in the troubles in the island in any way and expressly refused to recognize the independence of Cuba. He announced that Spain would be given reasonable time in which to apply the reforms promised. In pursuance of Spain's promise autonomous administrations were established in some of the larger cities, but subsequent developments demonstrated the futility of such action and the failure of the newly formed governments. The revolution dragged on, sapping the substance of Spanish-American War-Continued. Index. the people as it progressed and rendering casu- were with ble intervention (X, 72). The resolutions as- ment occurred May 1, at Manila, in the Phil- Reen- Spanish-American War-Continued. firmly established within sight of Manila, which lay helpless before the American guns. The first expedition sailed from San Francisco May 25 and arrived off Manila June 30. Other expeditions soon followed, until the total force landed at Manila consisted of over 15,000 officers and men. In the meantime large forces were assembled at various points along the coast of the United States to invade Cuba and Puerto Rico. San Juan, Puerto Rico, and the forts at the entrance to Santiago Harbor, Cuba, were shelled by the American squadrons, but none of the attacks had any appreciable result. On the night of June 3, in an attempt to blockade the mouth of Santiago Harbor, Assistant Naval Constructor Richmond P. Hobson, accompanied by 7 men from the American squadron, sank the collier Merrimac across the narrow channel. This unparalleled act of heroism thrilled not only the hearts of the American people, but challenged the admiration of the world. Under the protection of a portion of the American fleet a landing of 600 marines was effected at Guantanamo Bay on June 10. This port was taken and held after severe fighting by the marines, who were the first organized forces of the United States to land in Cuba. By June 16 additional forces had been landed. June 22 the advance of the American army under Maj. Gen. William R. Shafter landed at Daiquiri, about 15 miles east of Santiago, and the next day began the movement against the city. The first serious engagement in which the American troops lost heavily occurred at Las Guasimas June 24. By nightfall of that day ground within 5 miles of Santiago was won. The outworks of Santiago were taken July 1 after a severe battle, and on the next day El Caney and San Juan were captured after a desperate struggle. The investment of the city was now complete. The naval forces cooperated, shelling the town and the coast forts. On the following day, July 3, occurred the decisive naval combat of the war. The Spanish fleet under Rear-Admiral Pascual Cervera, which had been confined in the harbor of Santiago for 6 weeks by the blockading squadron under Acting Rear-Admiral William T. Sampson,attempted to escape. The Spanish vessels were intercepted and utterly destroyed by the American fleet under the immediate direction of Commodore Winfield S. Schley, who assumed command during the temporary absence of Rear-Admiral Sampson. The Spanish loss was 600 killed and about 1,400 prisoners, including the admiral. Spain was unable to recover from the catastrophe, and her efforts upon the ocean virtually ceased. The capitulation of Santiago, which embraced the entire eastern end of Cuba, soon followed. July 17 the American army occupied the city. The number of Spanish soldiers surrendered was 22,000. An expedition against Puerto Rico, consisting of about 3,500 men, under the command of Maj. Gen. Nelson A. Miles, was immediately fitted out, and landed at Guanica July 25. Gen. Miles's force was subsequently increased to about 17,000. With the exception of a few slight engagements there was no serjous resistance, and the middle of August found much of the island in the possession of the American troops. As early as July 26 Spain made overtures for peace through M. Jules Cambon, the French ambassador at Washington. Aug. 12 the peace protocol was signed, by which hostilities were brought to an end. Aug. 15, the news of the signing of the protocol not having reached the Philippines, the battle of Manila was fought, and the last scene of the war was enacted when, after a brief assault by the American land and naval forces, the city was compelled to surrender. The total casualties in killed and wounded during the war were: Army, officers killed, 23; enlisted men killed, 257 total, 280; officers wounded, 113; enlisted men wounded, 1,464-total, 1,577. Navy, killed, 17; wounded, 67; died as result of wounds, I; invalided from service, 6 -total, 91. In the entire campaign by land and sea the United States did not lose a flag, gun, ship, or transport, and, with the exception of the crew of the Merrimac not a soldier or sailor was taken prisoner. Aug. 7 the American troops in Cuba began to embark for home, and the entire force was returned to the United States by Aug. 24, after an absence of only 2 months. A treaty of peace was signed at Paris by the commissioners of the two countries Dec. 10, 1898. It was ratified on the part of the United States Feb. 6, and on the part of Spain Mar. 19, 1899. By the treaty it was provided that Spain relinquish all claim of Sovereignty over and title to Cuba; that Puerto Rico and other West Indian islands of Spain, one island in the Ladrones, and the entire Philippine group be ceded to the United States, and that Spain be paid $20,000,000. The ratifications of the two Governments were exchanged in Washington Apr. 11, 1899, and on the same day President McKinley issued the following proclamation: "Whereas a treaty of peace between the United States of America and Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, in the name of her august son, Don Alfonso XIII, was concluded and signed by their respective plenipotentiaries at Paris on the 10th day of December, 1898, the original of which, being in the English and Spanish languages, is word for word as follows: [Here the full text of the treaty is inserted.] And whereas the said convention has been duly ratified on both parts and the ratifications of the two Governments were exchanged in the city of Washington on the 11th day of April, 1899: Now, therefore, be it known that I, William McKinley, President of the United States of America, have caused the said convention to be made public, to the end that the same and every article and clause thereof may be observed and fulfilled with good faith by the United States and the citizens thereof. Spanish-American War: Almodóvar, Duke of, communication from, regarding peace negotiations, X, 95. Auxiliary Navy of United States in, referred to, X, 88. Bagley, Worth, killed while attempting to silence batteries at Cardenas, X, 91. (See also X, 77. Barton, Clara, president Red Cross, work accomplished by, in, X, 95. (See also X, 59, 83.) Member of military commission to Puerto Puerto Rican expedition reenforced by Butler, Matthew C., member of military com- Cambon, Jules, French minister, representa- Cardenas Bay, conflict in, discussed, X, 77, 91. The Winslow rescued by the Hudson in, Cavite, water batteries at, silenced by Ameri- Cervera, Pascual, Spanish fleet under com- mand of, in Santiago Harbor, X, 91. Directs Gen. Otis to avoid conflict with Gen. Merritt regarding Order of, to send troops to Iloilo, X, 358. Day, William R., peace commissioner on Attack of American land forces and capture of Manila assisted by squadron under, X, 94. Thanks of President tendered, X, 354. American squadron under, X, 72, 90. Thanks of President tendered, X, 343. Suggestions from, regarding force, etc., for Diplomatic relations broken off, X, 71, 86. El Caney captured by American troops, X, 92. Enlisted force of American Navy in, X, 88. Cuba, Puerto Rico, and adjacent islands military commissions to superintend, X, Havana, order regarding, X, 358. Referred to, X, 87. Fighting force of American Navy in, X, 88. Gordon, William W., member of military Gray, George, peace commissioner on part Guantanamo Bay, landing of American ma- Hodgsdon, Daniel B., recognition of services Honors to the dead ordered, X, 362. 262. Referred to, X, 96. Hudson, thanks of Congress to officers and Hugh McCulloch, recognition of services of Joint resolution of Congress declaring free- dom of Cuba and authorizing interven- Regarded by Spain as "equivalent to an Report of, on number of lives lost by sink- Thanks of President tendered Commo- Maine, destruction of the, in Havana har- Findings of court of inquiry discussed, X, Number of lives lost in, report on, X, 71. Marietta, voyage and arrival of the, from San Matanzas, harbor and forts at, shelled by Merrimac, sinking of the, in Santiago Har- 94. Thanks of President tendered, X, 354.. Spanish-American War-Continued. tary occupation of islands, X, 344, 346, Joint occupancy with insurgents not to Miles, Nelson A., Puerto Rican expedition Philippine Islands, X, 344, 346, 347, 356. Minister of Spain, to United States, with- Minister of United States to Spain, men- Monument to soldiers killed in, at Arling- Neutrality preserved by foreign powers in, Newcomb, Frank H., the Winslow rescued Officers and men compelled to remain in Oregon, voyage and arrival of the, from San Philippine Islands— Cable communication with recommended, Commissioners to, and duties of, set forth Contributions to be levied upon. (See Mil- Force, etc., for, suggestions from com- Gen. Otis directed to avoid conflict with Government for. (See Military occupation Grants of public or corporate rights in, Military occupation of, by United States, Joint occupation with insurgents not to Troops to be sent to Iloilo, order regard- Vessels of Spain from, discriminating du Victory of- American squadron over Spanish fleet in Sword to be presented to, and med- Recommended, X, 72. Thanks of President tendered, X, Referred to, X, 72. Commander of the Hugh McCulloch, American squadron and land forces at Thanks of President tendered com- Popular loan for prosecuting, authorized by Postal communication with Santiago, order Postal service in, discussed, X, 119. Powell, Joseph W., to be made ensign for Preparations for, by United States discussed. Privateering not to be resorted to by United Proclamations regarding, X, 247, 248, 249. Protection of American interests in Spanish Puerto Rican campaign discussed, X, 93. Red Cross, International, proposition of Reid, Whitelaw, peace commissioner on part Return of troops to United States discussed, Roosevelt, Theodore, in, X, 415. Member of military commission to Cuba, Sinking of the Merrimac by Lieut. Hob- Thanks of President tendered, X, 348. San Juan, Puerto Rico, shelled by American |