Pompeii are in process of excavation, when it is well known that nothing has been done at the former city for many years. No mention is made of the articles found which illustrate ancient civilisation; but we are told that' remains of men, women, and children' were found. Both cities are stated to have been overwhelmed with ashes, although Herculaneum was chiefly destroyed by lava. The Germans cultivated church music, as we are informed in the following curious normal-school sentence'They originated the Gothic style of architecture, and in their churches and monasteries, whose gloomy and majestic aisles were lighted by the colors of beautiful paintings on glass, cultivated music.' Although the pronunciation of hard words is usually given, 'Tuileries' is avoided, and 'Champs élysées' is converted into Shomp sel-es-azé.' When Brazil became independent, 'Portugal lost the richest jewel of her crown.'! Religion and Education are mentioned under Holland, but not under Belgium.

Of our own country we are told, that 'in its progress in all that attends the highest civilization,-it surpasses every other country of the earth.' This must account for the excellency of our science, literature, art, public buildings, normal-schools, reading books, and treatises on geography; for the purity of our politics, in which even clergymen of the most puritanic stamp can take part without suffering moral defilement; and it accounts for the honesty of our officials, since it is seldom that we read of the punishment of defaulters, as in other countries. Even our slaves are so intelligent, that manumission alone is sufficient to make them fit to become legislators. Dr. Franklin 'invented the lightning rod and made wonderful discoveries in electricity'; but independently of the lightning rod, his electrical discoveries were not wonderful. Among the scientific establishments are the Smithsonian Institute', the official title of which is Smithsonian Institution. The causes of the recent rebellion are thus summarily disposed of:

'The desire to secede from the Union, manifested by South Carolina in 1832, never entirely died out. Originating in the spirit of disobedience to the General Government, it revived whenever weighty opposition was made to the ambitious designs of Southern statesmen, who desired to extend slavery into the free territories of the Union, and to rule, as they themselves might deem best, the whole country. If they could not govern, and, too, with a large degree of the absoluteness enjoyed

upon their slave-worked plantations, where, in the relation of master, most of them had received their first lessons in the art, they preferred to leave, the Union. (p. 96.)

'The rebellion of 1861-4, . . . resulted from the ambition and cupidity of her (South Carolina's) "statesmen."'

As far as we can learn from the 'history' given in this geography, the Northern forces in the late war seem not to have suffered defeat in any battle. Under the head of Texas, the defeat of General Banks is not mentioned. Gettysburg was a signal victory', Missionary Ridge 'a splendid Union victory', Shiloh and Murfreesborough 'terrible victories', and Beaufort 'the scene of a splendid Union naval victory', while

'At Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Leesburg, Winchester, the Wilderness, and at Yorktown, Williamsburg, and other places on the York peninsula, have been fought some of the most terrible battles of the war.'!

The maps of this work are meagre, and much below the American standard of excellency. In any system of educational geography, the maps should be full and explicit, with sufficient text to make the pupil familiar with the chief features of his own locality. Most households have no other atlas than that from which the children learn geography, and if the position or name of a county is required, the school atlas is referred to. Thus, in writing to Belton, a county town in Texas, on referring to Mitchell's atlas, we found that it was in Bell county, and on turning to Worren, we found neither town nor county. In fact, the Worren map of Texas is worthless. We do not approve of teaching the counties of the several States, but the pupil should have them at hand.

The style of Worren's Geography is loose, illogical, inaccurate and unscientific, as will appear from an examination of several of the early chapters. Mr. Worren has been many years before the public as a geographer, he is author of a treatise on physical geography', a subject which requires a strictly scientific method and a mind of a different calibre from that to which the Common-School Geography owes its form. We have before us a copy of the last revised edition', in the Preface of which it is stated that

'Acknowledgments are due to many Educators, in various parts of the country, for useful suggestions kindly offered, and especially to Mr. P. W. Bartlett, late

Master of the Chapman School, Boston, whose extensive geographical knowledge has contributed largely to the general accuracy of the work.'

In the first lesson we are told, that 'The earth is nearly round.' So is a pancake, but he meams spherical, and the word sphere is used in Lesson V. The earth is flattened on two opposite sides', which sides the pupil may fancy to be on the east and west; and not until the third lesson is he told that it is flattened at the poles. This is in the Harper-Willson mode of making school-books. 'Mountains and valleys do not affect the form of the earth.' They affect its form sufficiently to make rivers and to affect climate.

'If he could see as much of the earth at a time as he can of the wooden globe, it would appear to him to be what it really is, a great globe.' Not so: the apparent size of a globe, of the moon, or of a more distant planet, depends upon the visual angle. The tops of the masts of a ship coming into port are always seen before the hull.' As at New Orleans? or Baltimore? given more accurately in Mitchell,

or Philadelphia? (This is p. 18, § 55.)

'Thus the axle-tree is the axis of a wheel.' No, the axis is not always even in the line of the axle-tree of a vehicle. As an orange revolves on a wire-'So the earth revolves upon its axis. Yet the axis of the earth is not a reality'-'Has the earth a real axis, like a wheel?' The answer expected is No, but it should be Yes, because the earth has as definite an axis as a wheel on gudgeons, a stick in a lathe, or a vessel on a potter's wheel; and so has a spinning top, a bullet shot from a rifle, or a coin whirled on its edge, and in all these cases the axis is as much a real axis as a diameter is a real diameter, although it may be an imaginary line. The axis of the earth is inclined to the plane of its orbit at an angle of about 23 degrees.' Plane of its orbit

is unexplained, and the definition of orbit is deferred to the next lesson. (See Mitchell's or any other real geography.) 'The motion of the earth is so steady and uniform, that we do not perceive it.' Rather because we partake of the motion, as stated farther on.

It must be borne in mind that the next definition is made by a physical geographer. A circle is a curved line, every point

of which is equally distant from the centre.' From the centre of the line? or is the circle a figure? Overlooking the fact that a circle is a plane figure, his definition is equally applicable to a spiral, and to many other figures. There may be some consolation, however, in knowing that 'the general accuracy of the work' has been secured by the 'extensive geographical knowledge' of Boston, a city which, according to the Geography of Shaw and Allen, is 'the Athens of America', and 'the first city of the Union in literature and society.' It appears that the authors, contributors, revisers, teachers, and proof-readers who have been connected with Worren's Geography, do not know the meaning of the word Antipodes; and while they mention the periœcian relation incidentally, they avoid the use of that dangerous word Periœcians, which might have proved as disastrous to them as Ornithorhynchus proved to Mr. Marcius Willson.

Mr. Worren runs off a definition with parrot-like glibness, to the effect that the 'Antipodes are those who live on exactly opposite sides of the globe.' But not satisfied with this, he strays away in the manner of a parrot, to obscure his previous words, by asserting that 'Our antipodes are the Chinese; their feet pointing directly towards ours.'! The Chinese are not our antipodes, but our periccians; their feet are not towards ours, and even in common discourse the word is applied to things which are considered to be diametrically opposite, while antipodes of the Worren School would be able to shake hands at the north pole without destroying their (not antípodism but their) perioikism.

The illustrative cuts are engraved in a good style of art, and are properly adapted to their subjects. They are not, however, always accurate; the view of Notre Dame at Paris, for instance, is quite incorrect; the large circular window, perhaps thirty feet in diameter, and the most conspicuous feature of the front, being omitted.

ART. XI.-NOTICES OF BOOKS.

1.-MAN AND WOMAN; or, the Law of Honor applied to the Solution of the Problem-Why are so many more Women than Men Christians? By the Rev. Philip Slaughter, Rector of Calvary Church, Culpeper County, Virginia. With an Introduction by A. T. Bledsoe, LL. D. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co.

1860.

THIS little book was published just before the war; and, though it was well received by the public, it did not meet with a sale commensurate with its merits. It is, then, with real pleasure, that we now comply with the suggestion to notice it in the SOUTHERN REVIEW. It deserves such a notice. Few persons, if any, suffered more from the war, than the venerable and beloved author of the pious little book in question. His library was burned, or destroyed, or scattered to the four winds, by the Vandals of the Northern army; and it fared little, if any, better with his furniture, house, and other property. Merely because he entertained the sentiments which animated the heart of every true son of the South, was he thus visited, in his old age, with utter ruin, destitution, and houseless poverty. Sincerely hoping that his little book may have, in the market, the success which it so richly deserves, we shall conclude this notice of it with a paragraph or two from 'the introduction', which was written by us for its first edition. It begins as follows:

'I will not offend the modesty of the author, nor the taste of the Christian reader, by writing a panegyric on the merits of the following volume. It can and will speak for itself. All it needs is a fair hearing. But the interests of truth require me to say that, while discussing a subject of the highest importance, it exhibits one of the best attributes of good writing, in being at once both obvious and original. So obvious, indeed, are some of its trains of reflection when once stated, that the reader can scarcely resist the impression that he must have seen them before; and yet they are so original, that he may search whole li braries for them in vain. Nor is this the chief merit of the book. It partakes of the nature of Divine truth itself, in that it is alike adapted to interest the child and the sage, or, what is still better, to awaken serious thought and confer lasting benefit on the reader who, like the present writer, is neither a child nor a sage. Only let it be read, and it can not fail to do good wher