cannot have too much. Make it as great as possible. Thus, while the noble Earl himself pursues all the little by-paths, and crooked ways, of the petty politician; he sends the great people down the broad road of universal suffrage to destruction. When the final plunge comes, as come it must, the astonished universe will hear again, as it so lately heard on this side of the Atlantic, the roaring thunders and wild rage of the bottomless pit of radicalism. And all this, too, will be done in the name of Freedom. How tremendous, indeed, are the bloody sacrifices to that unknown Goddess!

The

Let us briefly state, in conclusion, the results of the preceding analysis and discussion. Civil liberty is the direct object or aim of human legislation; at least in the present stage of human progress, or development. But yet, in such legislation, the claims of moral liberty should never be ignored or neglected. For moral liberty is, in nature and in kind, higher and nobler than even civil liberty. It is, in a word, the emancipation of the mind of the man himself from ignorance, error, vice—from all manner of imperfection and evil-and his restoration to the image of his Maker. The Christian religion has for its object the development of this kind of freedom, or liberty. State, on the other hand, has the creation and perfection of civil liberty, or the secure enjoyment of rights, for its great end and aim. But, in the prosecution of this great end, the State should never forget the higher claims of moral freedom, nor fail to promote them as far as possible. The State should never disregard, or violate, the principles and conditions on which moral freedom depends; but, on the contrary, should aid that freedom in all possible ways, even if necessary or expedient, by the use of personal servitude, or civil despotism itself. This higher knowledge of moral freedom is, indeed, as essential to the perfection of human legislation in its efforts to establish civil freedom, as a knowledge of the stars is to a correct survey of the earth, or a satisfactory view of the planet on which we dwell.

The Roman lawyers, as we have seen, viewed civil liberty as merely the power to do what the laws permit.' They had no higher views than this; because they knew no higher object

than the State. With them, the State was every thing, and the individual nothing. Or, at least, all his rights were determined. by the State, and not by the word of God. This, having brought an immortality of life to light, invested the individual man with an infinite value, solemnity, and grandeur, by the side of which all interests that knew a period sink into utter insignificance. Along with this sublime revelation or disclosure, there was, at the same time, necessarily introduced 'the doctrine of natural rights'; the most dangerous, because the most exciting and the most easily misconceived, doctrine, that ever inflamed the brain of man. The adequate analysis and discussion of this doctrine, is still a desideratum in the political literature of the world. If, in the discussions of this paper, or of preceding papers, only one ray of light has been thrown on the great doctrine of rights; then have our poor labors been more than rewarded. But not until that great doctrine shall be more fully explored, analyzed, and discussed, can the true image of Liberty be constructed by the human mind, and erected on a perfectly clear, satisfactory, and solid basis.

ART. II.-Geographiches Jahrbuch. II Band. Gotha. Jus

of

When God created man in his own image and blessed him, He said: Be fruitful and multiply, and replenish the earth and subdue it. This command has ever since moved man, age after age, to go forth and examine his wide domain. Thousands years have rolled by, and he has, as yet, seen only a comparatively small portion of the globe thus handed over to him by the Creator. But every year adds to his knowledge; new lands are discovered and new brethren become known to him; new means of communication are opened and new sources of well-being placed in his power. The Germans, admirable com

pilers as they are in all departments of knowledge, have begun to record the increase of information as to our globe, and the above excellent work contains a vast amount of useful and interesting matter. It is overwhelming, however, in its massiveness, and is serviceable only for purposes of reference. As our countrymen are growing more and more into genuine cosmopolites, and as such claim, first and foremost, possession of the great domain, we thought it not amiss to extract from the enormous mass of information accumulated in the two volumes of the above mentioned annual and from other similar works, a brief account of the most recent journeys undertaken for the purpose of extending our knowledge of the globe.

If it has been correctly stated that one-fifteenth part of the earth is, as yet, utterly unknown to us, and the mystery shrouding it is still so great that we are not even able to draw the line between land and sea, we must not forget that this vast Terra Incognita includes the Polar Regions. The Arctic Zone, irresistibly attractive in spite of the many victims it has already destroyed, has of late been sought more eagerly than ever; although political commotions in Europe and with us, have prevented our country and England from sending out large expeditions. Captain Sherard Osborn, famous by his exploits and his undaunted perseverance, proposed to reach the pole on sleds from Baffin's Bay by the left shore of Smith's Sound and Kennedy's Channel, but the failure of Whymper, well known by his successful ascent of the Wetterhorn, has induced him to postpone the enterprise. Whymper attempted in 1867, in company with the experienced naturalist, Brown, to travel in sleds across the almost unbroken ice, which covers Greenland in summer as well as in winter, but he encountered, unfortunately, the mildest weather ever known in the Arctic regions, and found impassable rivers and lakes of molten snow, which prevented his progress.

The great geographer of Germany, Dr. Petermann, started in May, 1868, a small yacht, under Koldervey, for the East coast of Greenland, in order to explore those regions beyond the point where Scoresby and Clavering had ended their labors. This expedition, also, was foiled by immense masses of ice, and

was attended with no other success than that of having penetrated to the 81° 5′ N. Lat. the highest point in northern latitude ever reached by a vessel.

At the same time an attempt was proposed by a Frenchman, G. Lambert, to pass through Behring's Straits into the Polar basin. He appealed to the public for contributions, and received from the Emperor at once 50,000 francs, but does not intend to sail until the whole requisite sum of $120,000 is in hand; so as to make the expedition worthy of the greatness of France.' Even in Sweden, the poorest of European states, new efforts have been made to provide the means for another effort to examine the Archipelago of Spitzbergen, and the two learned Professors, Nordenskjöld and Lilliehöök, were sent, with the aid of their government, which furnished a steamer, and of the city of Gottenburg, which provided the money, on their bold enterprise to reach the Arctic from that direction. They have returned with valuable information, but without having achieved the great end of their voyage.

While men of science everywhere deplored these failures, news was suddenly brought that daring whalers from our own shores had succeeded in finding again, a land which had been first discovered by Kellett in 1849, to the northwest of Behring's Straits, and then lost again, so that its very existence was doubted. Capt. Thomas Long, in command of the bark Nile, saw-according to his report published in the Pacific Commercial Advertiser of Honolulu-on the evening of the 14th August, 1867-land, and, on the following morning, approached within 18 nautical miles of it. He was enabled to make careful observations, and found himself in 70° 46′ N. Lat. and 178° 30' E. Long. The lower parts of the land were free from ice and looked green as if they were covered with vegetation. The space between the ship and the coast, however, was filled with drift ice, and as there were no whales in sight, the captain did not feel himself justified in exposing his vessel to the great danger it would have incurred in an attempt to go nearer to the land. He followed the coast for two days longer, always keeping it close in sight, and, at times, approaching it as near as 15 miles; on the third day he saw a mountain,

apparently an extinct volcano, and, by rough measurement, 2,480 feet high. The south-eastern cape he called Cape Hawaii, and from there he saw the coast and a lofty chain of mountains stretch northward as far as the eye could reach. From all appearances, he judged the land to be inhabited, since there were large numbers of walrus in the neighborhood, and the country looked much greener than the coast of the continent. To the west of Cape Jakar, on the Siberian coast, he observed another cape of most peculiar appearance. The summit and the sides were covered with countless pillars, some upright and others prostrate, some resembling pyramids and others like obelisks. They were scattered over the surface, lying in groups of 15 or 20, and separated from each other by hundreds of yards. Another whaling captain, Phillips, of the Monticello, joined him here and called his attention to a large black substance on the slope of a hill. They examined it carefully with their glasses, and came to the conclusion, that it was coal, and evidently used by the inhabitants. He named the re-discovered land, Wrangel's Land, in reverent acknowledg ment of the man who had spent three years in these inhospitable regions and was probably the first to declare boldly in favor of the existence of an open Polar Sea. The western cape was called Cape Thomas, after the man who first sighted it from the masthead.

Master G. W. Raynor, of the ship Reindeer, reports to the same paper, that the land usually called Plover's Island, an extensive land with high summits, had been thoroughly examined by him in the summer of 1867, and proved to be a continuous continent extending as far as the 72° N. Lat. He sailed three times all along the south and east coast, and had no idea that there was water beyond, so as to make them islands. Capt. Bliven, finally, was at the same time beating about near Herald's Island, at a distance of about 80 miles from the south-eastern cape of Wrangel's Land, and saw the mountains extend towards the north as far as the eye could reach. He had no doubt, that an open passage existed along this coast, which would finally lead into an open Polar Sea. All the informants agree as to the unusually favorable charac