near the large cities who can sell timothy hay at one cent a pound, and buy good clover at three-fourths of a cent. Under such circumstances when they feed their timothy they feed it at a loss of more than one-half of a cent for every pound they handle, which is a mighty big price to pay for the fun of "doing as father did." There is something very instructive in those figures. A man is figuring, for instance, which form of proteim he will buy. Shall it be bran at $20 or linseed meal at $30 a ton. According to the Rural's calculation, and it is correct, it costs twenty cents to get the same amount of protein in bran that would cost 13 cents in linseed meal. But suppose it is poor, adulterated bran we are buying, what then? But suppose we have shown cow sense enough to not buy either, but have grown on our own land about a thousand pounds of nice peas for each cow. If well handled in a fair season, two thousand pounds of peas should be grown on an acre of land. Take the same proportion of value that the Rural gives pea meal, which is nearly twice as valuable for butter food as the bran, it would simply amount to helping the farmer to grow, say, forty dollars worth of protein food in the form of peas on one acre, that he would have to pay that amount of money for if he brought bran.

We want to see the dairy farmers keep all of their money in their pockets that they possibly can, and it will pay big profits to look into this question. Begin to lay plans to grow your own protein food. But the first thing of all for these long winter evenings, send two dollars to the Dairyman for "Stewart's Feeding Animals."

Post up a little more on the relative value of foods. As the Hoosier said, "There is a heap to learn that'll pay to know."

I have been trying to get the dairy farmers into growing peas and stop this paying big prices for bran, linseed and cotton seed meal. Two thousand pounds of peas should be grown on an acre of land. Peas are nearly twice as valuable as bran as a butter food. What is the difficulty with growing peas? In almost every instance it is a lack of understanding concerning the culture of the plant.

Old notions; the boy said it run in their family to be college educated; he had two uncles who went to college. There are men to-day who think you must inherit knowledge in farming; daddy sowed peas and harrowed them in and grandfather the same way. The pea is a deep rooting plant; it is rarely successful unless planted deeply.

Take a piece of early land, not too rich; fall plow it and get on

in the spring, harrow thoroughly just as early as you can and sow the peas. Early frosts do not affect them.

If you sow Canada peas, sow two and a half bushels to the acre; for the marrow-fat, sow three bushels; sow thickly, and cross plow; plow them in four inches deep; then on the back of that, sow a bushel of oats per acre and harrow them in. Your peas will be about eight days coming up but they will remain and fruit bountifully; the heat of the summer or drought will not affect them.

I want you to see where this means money to you. I am reckoning bran at $15 a ton. What is it worth here?

Answer. Twenty-two dollars a ton.

That is still more binding; but my reckoning is at $15 a ton. At Fort Atkinson, Wis., twenty-five bushels of peas to the acre is a moderate crop, equal to 1,500 pounds of pea meal.

By every experiment that I have been able to make, two pounds of pea meal is equal in butter making value to six pounds of bran. At that valuation, 1,500 pounds of pea meal would equal 4,500 pounds of bran. At $15 a ton, $33.75.

Would it not pay any farmer, if he could produce that amount of food? Peas are grown easily and readily in the way I have described. Peas, a valuable dairy food and every farmer in Maine can produce them. Why should he pay those Mississippians such prices for food when he can raise it on his farm?

I want to talk a moment concerning the stabling of cattle. I want to see Maine men come to the same understanding that we have in Wisconsin on the question of winter dairying. You must make milk when it is worth the most, not the least. Then your help is cheaper in winter than in summer. If you have a dairy of twenty or thirty cows, you can secure help by the year and you are making as much money out of help in winter as any time of year. When cows are dry in July or August it is a relief, for milk is clear down in price and you are not producing much. When it is clear up to

the highest you are producing the most. If a cow comes fresh in April, on giving milk six months, she strikes cold weather and dry feed and commences to shrink in yield. Let her come fresh in the fall and at the end of six months she strikes fresh feed in spring and that enlarges the yield. Cows fresh in the fall will give from 1,500 to 1,600 pounds more than if they calved in the spring.

That is a simple operation that ought to appeal to any man if he wants to make the largest profit possible in this business.

I want to see a reform with regard to stabling cows. I want to see men letting in three or four times more light into stables than they are to-day. Plenty of light has a grand effect upon a milch

COW.

Shut up a Gurnsey cow that gives high colored butter, in a dark stable continuously for two weeks and it will bleach the color of that butter very perceptibly. Sunlight has much to do with the color in your butter. We need, also more sunlight to add to the health of the cows. Positively if you will put double the windows in the stable, it will take less hay and food than if kept in the dark. A large portion of cow stables are down under ground to-day; dark, dank and noisome.

I want to see the day when he barbarous stanchion shall go out. It was never invented for the cow's comfort, but for man's comfort alone. John Gould said the other day, that Thomas Gould was put in the stocks in Boston in the old Colonial days for giving aid and comfort to Quakers, and ever since then, the Gould's had been opposed to all stanchions. They found out how it was themselves.

I am opposed to the stanchion because of the danger of it. The deep drop is almost an invariable accompaniment. I have seen many cases of abortion on account of the drop behind the cows. I have been looking for years for a humane, intelligent way to tether my cattle, and I found it only a few years ago

I intended to have had a diagram when I came, but found it impossible to get it in time. I want to show you the way to tether a cow, that is cleanly and humane and appeals to your own sense of goodness. I can describe it partially.

(The speaker illustrated from a diagram he made on a sheet of paper.)

Let us suppose here is a whole row of cows tethered with their heads together. Standing in front of each cow is a board partition rising four feet high. The floor is water tight, with no drop, except behind the cow is just a jog of two inch plank, one thickness. The cow stands on the stable planking which is only one plank higher than it is at the rear of her. To this partition, two feet from the floor a two by eight scantling is nailed to form the bottom of a feeding rack like an old fashioned rack for feeding horses.

The bottom of the two by eight constitutes the bottom of the rack with slats nailed on two and a half or three inches apart, standing toward the cow. Each cow is given three and a half feet space in

the width of her stall. The top of the rack is about four and a half feet high. A two by four runs along the top and the top end of the slats are nailed to it. The purpose of that rack is to throw in the coarse fodder; but the main purpose is to force the cow back when she is standing. Every cow is fitted according to her length. Cows vary eighteen inches in length. The cow is brought up even with the rack and just forward of her hind feet as she stands on the stable floor, spike a three by four right on to the floor just forward of her hiud feet. That is a bar right across her stall. The space inside of that three by four is filled with bedding and the bedding will last two months, or until it is ground to powder. It should be replen ished once in two or three weeks. I buy a thirty cent halter and put it upon the cow. There is a ring screwed into the centre of the two by eight at the bottom of the rack, to tie the rope in, then bring the rope out and split it at the end and braid it out in two strands and put a snap on each one. I snap both these ends in the ring, then if one gets loose the other holds. The cow stands there, for the first two or three times she will lie down across the bar in the stable and get up. She will figure on that once or twice then step inside and lie down on the dry bedding.

I have Gurnsey cows, partly white that I have kept in this manner and you could see no more dirt than when in a June pasture. I set up two 2 x 4's as a partition. I don't want one cow striking against another. One of the most prolific sources of stoppage in the teats is due to the stanchion system. Cows lie down and other cows step over upon their teats. I have known hundreds of instances where I was satisfied that stoppage of the teats is due to that alone; but men generally declare that it was due to garget.

I save all that risk; my cows lie down and are contented and clean. I use land plaster to keep the stable sweet and the cow healthy and I am very much happier than I was when I saw her in the stanchion. There is an ensilage and feed box along side of the stall. Cows usually lie regularly on one side or the other. If she lies on the left side, the grain box is put on the right side and so vice versa.

These are some of the conclusions of the best thought I could find, that I have been giving you to-day along these dairy lines. I want to say that I am not bringing this to you, thinking that Maine is not just as well posted as Wisconsin; I come to Maine and find many things to learn. We need a great deal more of interchange of

thought than we are getting, and above all things, let me say to you as farmers, that the man who would make money out of cows, must handle that animal as a dairy cow, feed as a dairy cow, and learn to reduce the cost of production of the milk. To that end, we need the silo. I am astonished to find so few educated to the silo here in Maine. There are forty-five in town where I live; in the town adjoining, sixty-five silos. You need to produce food cheaper than you do. We are after the last cent and we find we cannot produce the milk cheaply without the aid of the silo.

Ques. I would like to have the Governor explain about the partition between the cows?

Ans. The partition is one or two 2x4's set back about to the hip of the cow. If one cow lies down, she is inside and her head comes under this 2x8, the bottom of the rack. Sometimes if cows hook one another you will have to nail a board up between them. These two vertical scantlings stand there as a partition and the cow cannot swing over upon her neighbor. These are set up and fastened to cross scantlings running lengthwise over the cows.

Ques. How do you get the provinder into the feed box?

Ans. Right in front of her is an opening in the partition. In one corner, out nearly flush with the rack, you fasten a long feed box and raise the end at the opening a little, so the feed will work down toward the cow.

Ques. You have an opening in front of the rack where you feed? Ans. You can have it open or shut as you like.

Let me say to you, my friends, that by ventilation we mean change of air; you cannot get ventilation without change. If you get that change, you get cold air. You cannot secure that and keep the warmth of the stable; you must ventilate by artificial means. You must purify the air of the stable; keep the air coming in moderately. By absorbents you can purify the air and destroy the effects that may come from bad air and foul gases. I would use land plaster with the residue of every animal and when it was thrown into heaps I would scatter it over the heap every two or three days.

Straw is a good bedding, but under my system of tying you do not need to be to any expense. Ordinary straw, or leaves gathered in the fall are good ;-I gather and store them for the winter bedding of my cows. I put in leaves and a little straw with it. It is interesting to note the great economy of bedding in this form of tying. Ques. Don't it tread out under the cow's feet?