Acosta, Christóbal, physician at Burgos; he travelled in the east and visited Mosambique and Cochin; died A.D. 1580.-Tractado de las Drogas y medicinas de las Indias Orientales con sus Plantas debuxadas al biuvo por Christoual Acosta medico y cirujano que las vio ocularmente. Burgos, 1578. Small 4, 448 pages (and 38 pages indices). There are translations in Latin by Clusius, 1582; in Italian, 1585; in French by Antoine Colin, 1619, etc. See pages 154. 423. 462. 503. 565.

Actuarius, Johannes, a physician to the court of Constantinople, towards the end of the 13th century, author of "Methodus medendi,” and "De medicamentorum compositione.' Both these works were repeatedly printed during the 16th century; we are not aware of any recent editions. See pages 222. 263.

Ægineta-See Paulos.

Aëtius of Amida, now Diarbekir, on the upper Tigris. He wrote, probably about A.D. 540-550, Aëtii medici græci ex veteribus medicinæ Tetrabiblos. Basilea, 1542.

See pages 35, 175. 271. 511. 559.

Albertus Magnus (Count Albert von Bollstädt), 1193-1280, a Dominican monk, Bishop of Regensburg (Ratisbon).-Alberti Magni ex ordine Prædicatorum De vegetabilibus libri vii., historiæ naturalis pars xviii. Edit. E. Meyer and C. Jessen. 1867.

See pages 543. 568. 678.

Alexander Trallianus, of Tralles, now Aïdin-Güsilhissar, south-east of Smyrna, an eminent physician who wrote about the middle of the 6th century of our era, possibly at Rome.-Alexandri Tralliani medici libri xii. Edit. Joanne Guintero. Basilea, 1556. 8vo. An admirable German translation, together with the Greek original, has been published at Vienna, 2 vols., 1878-1879, by Puschmann.

See pages 6. 222. 281. 325. 388. 493. 529. 595. 680.

Alexandria, the Roman custom-house of.

In the Pandects of Justinian there is to be found a curious list of eastern drugs and other articles liable to duty at the Roman custom-house in Alexandria, from the time of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, about A.D. 176-180. The complete list is reprinted in Vincent, Commerce of the Ancients, ii. (1807) 698; also in Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, ii. (1855) 167. See pages 222. 315. 321. 493. 577. 635. 644.

Alhervi. Abu Mansur Movafik ben Ali Alherui, a Persian physician of the 10th century. He compiled a work on medicines and food from Greek, Arabic, and Indian sources, which was published and partly translated by Seligmann Liber fundamentorum pharmacologia epitome codicis

manuscripti persici bibl. caes. reg. Vienn. Vindobonae, 1830-1833.

See pages 12. 225. 325. 490.

Alkindi. Abu Jusuf Jakub ben Ishak ben Alsabah Alkindi. He wrote about A.D. 813-841 at Basra and Bagdad, about various subjects of natural philosophy, mathematics, medicine, music.

See page 642.

Alphita, a curious list of drugs and pharmaceutical preparations, probably compiled in the 13th century, and originally written in French (according to Häser, Geschichte der Medicin, i. 1875, 648 sqq.). Daremberg, La médecine, histoire et doctrine, 1865, attributes the Alphita to Maranchus.

The Alphita is contained in Salvatore de Renzi's Collectio Salernitana ; ossia documenti inediti.... alla scuola medica Salernitana, iii. (Napoli, 1854) 270-322.

See page 377.

Alpinus, Prosper, 1553-1617, Professor of Botany and "Ostensore dei Semplici," i.e. teacher of drugs, in the University of Padua. He visited Egypt in 1580-1583. De Plantis Egypti liber etc. Venetiis, 1592. See pages 44. 94. 222. 425. 500.

Alrasis or Arrasi-See Rhazes.

Angelus a Sancto Josepho, originally Joseph Labrousse, of Toulouse, born 1636, died in 1697. He was at Ispahan as a Carmelite monk in 1664, and published in 1681 at Paris a Latin translation of what he called a Pharmacopaea Persica. Consult Lucien Leclerc, Histoire de la médecine arabe, ii.

(Paris, 1876) 84.

See pages 12. 415. 548.

"Os

Anguillara, Luigi (born at Anguillara, died in 1570 at Ferrara), tensor simplicium," i.e. professor of materia medica, in the University of Padova; author of Semplici, liquali in piu Pareri a diversi nobili huomini scritti apparono. Vinegia, 1561.

See page 303.

Arrianos Alexandrinos-See Periplus.

Avicenna. Abu Ali Alhosain Ben Sinâ Albochâri (of Bokhara), 9801037. A learned philosopher, mathematician, student of medicine, minister, etc., the most celebrated among Arab physicians, their "doctor princeps." His "Canon medicina" was admired until the end of the 15th century as the most complete system of medicine, of which there are numerous editions, chiefly translations. We have particularly referred to "Avicennæ libri in re medica omnes, lat. redditi a J. P. Mongio et J. Costco," 2 vols. Venetiis, ap. Vinc. Valgrisium, 1564.

See pages 12. 31. 125. 161. 225. 393. 429. 490. 642. 716.

Ayurvedas-See Susrutas.

Baitar. Abu Mohammad Abdallah Ben Ahmad Almaliqi (of Malaga), called Ibn Baitar. He travelled from Spain to the east, lived about 12381248 as a physician to the court in Egypt, and died in 1248 at Damascus. His great work on Materia Medica--Liber magnæ collectionis simplicium alimentorum et medicamentorum-has been (very unsatisfactorily) translated into German by Joseph von Sontheimer, 2 vols. Stuttgart, 1840-1842. See pages 4. 31. 115. 211. 305. 383. 415. 425. 462. 488. 490. 675.

Barbosa, Odoardo (Duarte Balbosa), a Portuguese who visited Malacca before 1511, and accompanied Magalhaes in his famous circumnavigation; killed in 1522 by the natives of the Philippines. Barbosa wrote in 1516 an excellent account of India, published in Ramusio's collection, Delle navigationi et viaggi, &c. Venetia, 1854. Libro di Odoardo Barbosa Portoghese, fol. 413-417. Also in "Coasts of East Africa and Malabar," published for the Hakluyt Society, London, 1866.-Barbosa quotes the prices of many drugs found in 1511-1516 at Calicut. An abstract of this interesting list will be found in Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharmacie. Halle, 1876, 15. See pages 43. 241. 405. 521. 595. 600. 644. 672. 675. 717.

Batutah. Abu Abdallah Mohammed . . Allawati Aththangi, called Ibn Batuta, of Tangier, in Morocco. 1303-1377. The greatest of the Arabic travellers; he visited the east as far as the Caspian regions, Delhi, Java, and Pekin, and also Northern Africa as far as Timbuktu.-Voyages d'Ibn

Batouta, texte arabe accompagné d'une traduction par C. Defrémerie et B. R. Sanguinetti. 2 vols. Paris, 1853-1854.

See pages 404. 511. 521. 577. 669, 672.

Bauhin, Caspar, 1560-1624, professor of anatomy and botany in the University of Basel. See Hess, J. W. Kaspar Bauhin's Leben und Charakter. Basel, 1860. 72 pages.-Pinax theatri botanici. Basilea, 1623. See pages 31. 86. 388. 429. 439. 731. 740.

Belon, Pierre, 1517-1564, called Belon "du Mans," with reference to his native country near Le Mans, in the ancient province of Maine, France. He travelled in the Levant from 1546 to 1549, and wrote Les observations de plvsievrs singularitez et choses memorables, trouuées en Grèce, Asie, Iudée, Egypte, Arabie, et autres pays estranges. Paris, 1553.

See pages 175. 222. 254. 598. 615.

Benedictus Crispus (Benedetto Crespo), A.D. 681, Archbishop of Milan, died in 725 or 735.-Commentarium medicinale, ed. by Ullrich, 1835, a small pamphlet consisting of 241 verses, in which a few drugs are alluded to.

See pages 282. 463. 493.

Bock-See Tragus.

Brunfels, Otto, 1488-1534, originally a Carthusian friar, then a schoolmaster at Strassburg, author of several pamphlets against Catholicism; doctor of medicine, and lastly physician to the republic of Bern. His great work-Herbarum vivæ eicones, etc., 3 vol., Strassburg, 1530, 1531, 1536, containing 229 partly excellent woodcuts of plants occurring near Strassburg-is the earliest instance of good botanical figures.-See Flückiger, Otto Brunfels, in the Archiv der Pharmacie, vol. 212 (1878) 493–514.

See pages 170. 388. 439. 694.

Brunschwyg, Hieronymus, a surgeon living at Strassburg apparently towards the end of the 15th century. His "Liber de arte distillandi de simplicibus, Das buch der rechten kunst zu distilieren . . ..." Strassburg, 1500, with figures, was subsequently brought out in numerous editions and translations. In English: The noble handy work of surgery and of destillation. Southwark, 1525, fol., and The vertuose boke of distillacyon of the waters of all manner of herbes, translate out of duyche. London, 1527, fol.-See Choulant, Graphische Incunabeln für Naturgeschichte und Medicin, 1858–75. See pages 170. 456.

Camellus or Camelli-See Kamel.

Camerarius, Joachim, 1534-1598, physician at Nürnberg. Hortus medicus et philosophicus. Francofurti, 1588. See Irmisch, Über einige Botaniker des 16ten Jahrhunderts. Sondershausen, 1862, 4°. p. 39.

See pages 384. 390. 474.

Cato, Marcus Porcius Cato Censorius, 234-149 B.C. In the book De re rustica, the earliest agricultural work in Roman literature, Cato treats of many useful plants, the complete list of which will be found in Meyer's Geschichte der Botanik, i. 342. We have usually referred to Nisard's edition in "Les Agronomes latins," Paris, 1877.

See pages 172. 245. 269. 289. 329. 627.

Celsus, Aulus Cornelius; about 25 B.C. to A.D. 50.-A. Cornelii Celsi de medicina libri octo, ed. C. Daremberg. Lipsiæ, 1859. The list of useful plants mentioned by him will be found in Meyer's Geschichte der Botanik, ii. 17.---See pages 35. 43, 179. 234. 291. 439. 493. 677. 680.

Charaka, i.e. book of health. An old Sanskrit work, analogous to Susruta's Ayurvedas (see Susruta), yet reputed in India to be older than the latter. Charaka is now being published, since 1868, at Calcutta, and also at Bombay, but is not yet translated in any modern idiom. There are Arabic versions of the end of the 8th century, as stated by Albirûnî in the 11th century, and by Ibn Baitar (see B.) For further particulars consult Roth, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, xxvi. (1872) 441 sqq.

Charlemagne, the great Emperor, 768-814. He ordered, in 812, by the "Capitulare de villis et cortis imperialibus," a considerable number of useful plants to be cultivated in the imperial farms. Several other plants are also mentioned, for similar purpose, in the Emperor's "Breviarium rerum fiscalium." A full account of both these remarkable documents will be found in Meyer's Geschichte der Botanik, iii. 401-412. See also B. Guérard, Explication du Capitulaire de Villis; Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chartes, IV. (1853) 201-247. 313-350. and 346-572.

See pages 92. 98. 172. 179. 245. 269, 308. 329. 488. 542. 545. 627.
Chordadbeh-See Khurdadbah.

Circa instans-See Platearius.

Clusius, Charles de l'Escluse, born at Arras, in the north of France, A.D. 1526; died A.D. 1609. He lived at Marburg, Wittenberg, Frankfurt, Strassburg, Lyons, Montpellier; travelled in Spain and Portugal; paid, in 1571, a visit to London, and again in a later year. Clusius was, from 1573 to 1587, the director of the imperial gardens at Vienna, and from 1593 to 1609 professor of botany in the University of Leiden. Among the works of this eminent man the most important, from a pharmaceutical point of view, are: 1. Aliquot notæ in Garcia aromatum historiam. Antverpiæ, 1582. 2. Rariorum plantarum historia. Antv., 1601. 3. Exoticorum libri decem. Antv., 1605.-See Morren, Charles de l'Ecluse, sa vie et ses œuvres. Liége, Boverie, No. 1, 1875, 59 pp.

See pages 17. 21. 73. 83. 96. 202. 211. 254. 272. 287. 390, 401. 425. 429. 453. 521, 589. 648. 657.

Collectio Salernitana-See Alphita.

Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus. Born at Cadiz; he wrote between A.D. 35 and 65 the most valuable agricultural work of the Roman literature: "De re rustica libri xii." It has been translated by Nisard, together with Columella's book, "De arboribus," for Firmin Didot's " Agronomes latins." Paris, 1877. The list of the numerous plants mentioned by Columella will be found in Meyer's Geschichte der Botanik ii., 68.

See pages 97. 245. 664.

Constantinus Africanus. Born at Carthage in the second half of the 10th century. A physician who spent his life in travels in the east and in studies in the medical school at Salerno (see S.), and in the famous Benedictine Abbey of Monte Cassino; died A.D. 1106. He transmitted the medical knowledge of the Arabs to the school of Salerno, of which he may be called the most distinguished fellow. See Steinschneider in Virchow's Archiv für patholog. Anatomie und Physiologie, 37 (1866) 351; and in Rohlfs' Archiv für Geschichte der Medicin, 1879, 1-22. Steinschneider shows that Constantin's work, De Gradibus, is chiefly based on that of Ibn-al-Djazzâr, who died about A.D. 1004.

See pages 130. 211. 377. 494. 573. 584. 600.

Conti, Niccolò dei. A Venetian merchant, who spent 25 years (from 1419 to 1444?) in India. His interesting accounts are by far the most valuable of that period. They have been published for the Hakluyt Society (ed.

by Major): India in the 15th century, Lond., 1857, 39 pp. A still more valuable edition and translation is due to Kunstmann: Kenntniss Indiens im 15ten Jahrhunderte. München, 1863. 66 pp.

See pages 282. 521. 577. 582, 636.

Cordus, Valerius. Born A.D. 1515 at Erfurt, professor of materia medica in the University of Wittenberg, then the most eminent man in that science. After his premature death, at Rome, in 1544, his works were published by Conrad Gesner, in a large volume printed in 1561 at Strassburg. It contains (1) Valerii Cordi Annotationes in Dioscoridem; (2) Historiæ stirpium libri iv.; (3) De artificiosis Extractionibus, and several other papers of V. Cordus, besides the most remarkable book, De Hortis Germania, by Conrad Gesner himself. A very careful biographic notice on Cordus is due to Irmisch, Einige Botaniker des 16 Jahrhunderts... Sondershausen, 1862. 4°. pp. 1-34. See pages 31. 148. 170. 248. 260. 429. 526. 580. 644. 648. 650. 661. 713, 733. 737.

Cosmas-See Kosmas.

Crescenzi, Piero de', 1235-1320. He wrote, about A.D. 1304-1306, at Bologna, an esteemed book on agriculture, which was repeatedly printed towards the end of the 15th century, for instance, Opus ruralium commodorum Petri de Crescentiis, Argentine, 1486. There are numerous later translations and editions.

See pages 6. 157. 180. 661.

Dale, Samuel, a physician in London, 1659-1739. Pharmacologia seu manuductio ad Materiam medicam. Lond., 1693, 12mo.

See pages 592. 615. 616. 648. 681. 731.

Dioscorides, Pedanios, of Anazarba, in Cilicia, Asia Minor.

He wrote, about A.D. 77 or 78, his great work on materia medica, the most valuable source of information on the botany of the ancients.

See pages 6. 35. 43. 92. 97. 147. 161. 166. 172. 175. 179. 183. 234. 262. 276. 291. 292. 305. 310. 321. 325. 328. 331. 377. 384. 388. 434. 439. 464. 486. 493. 503. 519. 529. 556. 558. 567. 568. 581. 594. 609. 627. 638. 644, 655. 661. 664. 672. 675. 677. 680. 690. 699. 715. 723. 728. 729. 733.

Dodonæus, Rembert Dodoens, 1517-1585, physician at Malines, Bel

gium.

See pages 303. 388. 439. 699. 729. 731.

Edrisi, or Alidrisi, an Arab nobleman, born about A.D. 1099 in Spain, living at King Roger's court, Palermo, where he compiled, in 1153, his remarkable geographical work. It summarizes all the earlier geographic literature of the Arabs, adding much valuable information gathered by the author from merchants and other travellers.-Géographie d'Edrisi, traduite en français, par P. Amedée Jaubert, 2 vols. Paris, 1836-1840. Description de l'Afrique et de l'Espagne, trad. par Dozy. Leyde, 1866.

See pages 115. 305. 316. 494. 503. 577. 584. 642. 644. 680.

Fernandez, latinized Ferrandus. Born at Madrid 1478. From 1514 to 1525 he was "veedor de las fundiciones do oro de Tierra-firma in America," i.e. superintendent of the foundries of gold in the American continent; died 1537 in Valladolid. Historia general y natural de las Indias islas y tierra firme del mar oceano por el Capitan Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdés, primer chronista del nuevo mundo. Publ. dal codice orig. y illustr. p. J. Amador de los Rios. This complete edition has been published in 4 vols., from 1853 to 1855, by the Academy of Madrid. We have not seen the earlier partial editions, viz. "Summario de la natural y general Historia de las Indias," Toledo, 1526, fol., "Primera parte de la Historia natural y general de las Indias," Sevilla,