flag shown and town capitulated. Troops occupy Malate, Bynondo, walled city San Miguel. All important centers protected. Insurgents kept out. No disorder or pillage."

The white flag was hoisted at half-past eleven, and a conference was held at the palace of the governor-general in the afternoon to arrange the terms of surrender. General Jandenes agreed to submit, and about an hour later the American flag was raised by Lieutenant Brumby of the Olympia. The total number of Spanish soldiers who thus became prisoners was more than Sooo, besides which an immense supply of arms and ammunition was obtained.

Blind as had been the Spanish leaders at the outbreak of the war, the time had come when they could no longer close their eyes, not only to their overwhelming defeat, but to the irretrievable disasters yet to come if they persisted in resistance to the United States. The project of sending one of our powerful fleets across the Atlantic to attack the kingdom of Spain itself was seriously discussed, and the preliminary movements were set on foot to do so. Spain had lost two of her fleets, and the remaining one under Admiral Camara, of which great things had been expected, proved not worth considering. The rotten monarchy might keep up the farce of war a little while longer, but if she did so she would only add to her humiliation in the end.

The situation had become so hopeless for Spain that, about the middle of July, her authorities decided to make overtures for peace. Since the Spanish interests in this country had been intrusted to France, it was necessary that these overtures should come through her agents. Consequently, M. Cambon, the French ambassador to the United States, became the medium through which the first proposals were made for bringing about peace.

You must understand that in so important a matter every step had to be taken with great care. First of all, President McKinley was asked whether he would consider proposals for ending the war and arranging terms of peace, the question being submitted by the French ambassador on July 30. The answer was returned that, as a basis for peace negotiations, Spain must first withdraw her troops and sovereignty from the Western Hemisphere, Cuba and Porto Rico must be voluntarily evacuated, unassisted by the United States, and Manila must be surrendered to the American forces. This being done, we should be prepared to make known our policy regarding the Spanish possessions in the East.

Notice of the acceptance of this reply was made to President McKinley through the French ambassador on August 9. Considerable more formality followed, when came the signing of the protocol, which was merely an agreement that fighting should be suspended, pending the negotiations that were to follow. This protocol was signed at 4.23 in the afternoon of August 12, 1898. Secretary Day and M. Cambon (the latter acting for Spain) attached their names to duplicate copies of the document, establishing a basis upon which the two countries, acting through their respective commissioners, could negotiate terms of peace.

As soon as the protocol had been signed, President McKinley issued a proclamation declaring the existence of an armistice, and orders were immediately sent to

THE FRENCH AMBASSADOR, M. JULES CAMBON, SIGNING THE PROTOCOL AT WASHINGTON IN BEHALF OF SPAIN,

General Miles in Porto Rico (you remember they reached that island just in time to stop a battle that was about to open), to General Shafter in Cuba, to General Merritt in the Philippines, to Admiral Dewey at Manila, and Admiral Sampson and Commodore Watson at Guantanamo to cease hostilities; and to Admiral Howell at Key West to raise the blockade of Cuba and the Porto Rican ports. Manila was also released from the blockade that had been maintained since May 1.

The news of the signing of the protocol did not reach Manila until shortly after its capture by General Merritt and Admiral Dewey. The following is the text of the proclamation declaring the existence of an armistice:

By the President of the United States of America.

A PROCLAMATION.

WHEREAS, By a protocol concluded and signed August 12, 1898, by William R. Day, Secretary of State of the United States, and his Excellency Jules Cambon, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of France at Washington, respectively representing for this purpose the Government of the United States. and the Government of Spain, the United States and Spain have formally agreed upon the terms on which negotiations for the establishment of peace between the two countries shall be undertaken; and,

WHEREAS, It is in said protocol agreed that upon its conclusion and signature hostilities between the two countries shall be suspended, and that notice to that effect shall be given as soon as possible by each Government to the commanders of its military and naval forces;

Now, therefore, I, William McKinley, President of the United States, do, in accordance with the stipulations of the protocol, declare and proclaim on the part of the United States a suspension of hostilities, and do hereby command that orders be immediately given through the proper channels to the commanders of the military and naval forces of the United States to abstain from all acts inconsistent with this proclamation.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.

Done at the city of Washington, this 12th day of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight, and of the independence of the United States the one hundred and twenty-third. WILLIAM MCKINLEY.

By the President.

WILLIAM R. DAY, Secretary of State.

The following appointments of military commissioners were announced August 16:

For Cuba-Major-General James F. Wade, Rear Admiral William T. Sampson, Major-General Matthew C. Butler.

For Porto Rico-Major-General John R. Brooke, Rear Admiral Winfield S. Schley, Brigadier-General William W. Gordon.

The members of the Peace Commission appointed by the President to meet the Spanish members in Paris were:

William R. Day of Ohio, Secretary of State; Cushman K. Davis of Minnesota, William P. Frye of Maine, George Gray, United States Senators; and Whitelaw Reid of New York, editor of the New York Tribune. Former Assistant Secretary of State J. B. Moore went with the commission when.

they sailed, September 17, as secretary and spe

cial counsel.

The Spanish commissioners, as announced September 15, were:

Señor Montero Rios, president of the Senate; Señor Abarzuza, Señor Villarrutia, the Spanish minister to Belgium, and General Cerero, the selection of the fifth member being left to Señor Montero Rios.

One of the peculiarities of Spanish officials is to haggle and delay. There is an appropriateness in the name mañana (to-morrow) which is often applied to them. They are sure to demand a great deal more than they expect to get, and they will argue and struggle tenaciously for it. It is possible that there is force in their belief that a man is likely to obtain more by boldly insisting upon it than through a ready agreement to the terms offered. The questions were talked over for weeks in Paris, where the commissioners began their sessions October 1. When our representatives offered $20,000,000 for money spent or debt incurred in the betterment of the Philippines, together with free entry of Spanish goods for ten years, the Spaniards rejected the offer with scorn. One reason for doing this was the hope that the leading European Powers would give them their moral support, but not a single Power made a sign, and, no choice being left, the terms were accepted November 28.

You have learned that all treaties between the United States and foreign nations. must be acted upon by the Senate. When the one with Spain, framed on the conditions named, was laid before that body, a considerable opposition appeared. You need hardly be reminded that a good many people were opposed to the policy of " expansion," as it was termed, and at one time it looked as if the treaty would be rejected. Senators Hoar of Massachusetts and Hale of Maine were the leading opponents, but when the vote was taken, February 6, 1899, the treaty received the support of 40 Republicans, 10 Democrats, 3 Populists, 3 Silver men, and I Independent, and was opposed by 22 Democrats, 3 Republicans, and 2 Populists, the result being 3 more than the two-thirds vote necessary.

On March 17, 1899, the Queen Regent of Spain signed the ratification of the

treaty of peace, and our government on the same day was notified of her action by M. Cambon, the French ambassador to the United States. On the 20th of March he was appointed by the Spanish Government to exchange the ratifications with our government. Thus peace was formally secured, and diplomatic relations were resumed between the two countries.

I must mention an interesting coincidence. You will recall that at the battle in Manila Bay the first shot on our side was fired by the Raleigh. On the 20th of March, 1899, this cruiser at Gibraltar saluted the Spanish squadron under Admiral Camara by running up the Spanish flag. The admiral responded by hoisting the Stars and Stripes, this being the first ceremony of the kind after the close of the war.

By the terms of the treaty thus made with Spain, she renounced all right to sovereignty over Cuba; ceded the island of Porto Rico to the United States, and the islands then under her controi in the West Indies, and the island of Guam in the Ladrone archipelago.

The Philippine archipelago was also ceded to the United States, which three months later paid Spain the sum of $20,000,000. Our country agreed during the term of ten years to admit to the Philippine ports, Spanish ships and merchandise under the same conditions as the ships and merchandise of our own country. We agreed further to transport at our own cost the Spanish soldiers of war made prisoners in the Philippines and to return their arms to them. Spain was to evacuate the Philippines and Guam on conditions similar to those arranged for the evacuation of Porto Rico and the other West India islands, both governments to fix the terms for the evacuation of the Philippines. There was to be a mutual release of prisoners, and the United States was to secure the liberty of all Spanish prisoners in the hands of Cuban and Filipino insurgents, each government to transport home the prisoners thus released. The United States found it hard to carry out this provision as it affected the Philippines, since Aguinaldo for a long time refused to surrender his Spanish captives. There were other provisions of minor importance which it is not necessary to give in full.

The Spanish forces were withdrawn from Cuba on the last day of 1898, in accordance with the terms of the treaty, and on the first day of 1899 the Stars and Stripes. was raised over Havana. Everything moved smoothly in Porto Rico, as might have been expected from the cordial reception given our troops when they landed there for the purpose of conquest. Matters were more disturbed in Cuba, and but for the firm. course of General Brooke, the military governor, there might have been serious trouble. It is not pleasant to say so, but it is the truth that the majority of the Cubans for whom we had shed so much blood, and spent so much treasure, were totally unworthy of the sacrifices. They did not give anything like the help they promised, and hundreds of them stayed in this country all through the war, quite content to let Americans fight their battles for them; and then, after we had driven out their oppressors, they caused us all the trouble they could.

Down to the beginning of 1900 the total cost of our war with Spain was about $250,000,000; 345 officers and men died from battle and wounds, and 2565 officers and men from disease, making a total of 2910.