JURY TRIAL, 482-498, 482 (n)-495 (n); provisions of State constitutions,
criminal trials, 483 (n), 484 (n), civil trials, 484 (n)-486 (n);—general im-
port of the guaranty, 483-495;--may be regulated by statute, 496;-in what
classes of cases secured, 496, 497;-province of the court, 498;-general
principles of construing the guaranty, 486 (n);—in civil cases, 486 (n), 487
(n);—in criminal cases, 487 (n), 488 (n);—classes of cases in which not neces-
sary, 488 (n), et seq. ;-in equity cases, 488 (n), and equitable statutory pro-
ceedings, 488 (n), 489 (n);—how far necessary in statutory proceedings, 489
(n),—and in special proceedings, private, 490 (n),—and in ditto, public, 490 ;
effect of enlarging jurisdiction of inferior courts, 490 (n),—and of jury on
appeal, 491 (n);—how far necessary in trials for minor offences, etc., 491 (n),
492 (n) ;—and in preliminary proceedings, 492 (n) ;—composition of the jury,
493;-unanimity of the verdict, 493 (n);—jury of the county or vicinage,
493 (n);―miscellaneous incidents, 493 (n), 494 (n);—waiver of, 494 (n),
495 (n);-under U. S. Constitution, 577-579.
JUSTICE,-the administration of, titles of laws regulating, 525 (n); — fugitives
.from, 568, 569.
"JUSTIFIABLE cause," meaning of, 374.
"LABORER," meaning of, 372 (n).
LAND, grants or patents of, 387-392. (See "Grants of Land.")
LANDS, interfering with access to,
whether a taking of property, 456 (n),
(See "Private Property, etc.") ▾
457 (n);-flowing of, ditto, 455 (n).
LANGUAGE of a statute, construction of, 219-230. (See "Construction of
Statutes ");-power of courts to disregard, discussed, 251-266.
LAST statute controls, 353.
LAW,-of a foreign state, presumption as to its nature, 12, 13 (n); -what sub-
jects can be embraced within, 134.
LAW OF THE LAND. (See "Due Process of Law.")
LAWS,-submission of to popular vote, 135-138, 135 (n); -to take effect on a
contingency, 137 (n);-Titles and subjects of, 517-530, 518 (n)-530 (n). (See
"Titles and Subjects ");-Amendments of, (see "Amendments of Laws");-
General, (see "General Laws ");-Special, forbidden when general ones are
practicable, 535 (n), 536 (n);— Ex post facto, (see "Ex post facto Laws");-
Impairing the obligation of contracts, (see "Obligation of Contracts.")
LEASES of agricultural land, 541.
LEGISLATIVE CONSTRUCTION, effect of, 214, 227 (n).
LEGISLATIVE POWER, separation of, from the judicial, 119, et seq.;-over
bills of attainder in England, 121;-independent of constitutional restric
tions, 123-132, 154-159;-limitations on by State Constitutions, (see "Con-
stitutional Law");-of Congress, nature of, 549, 550.
LEGISLATORS, motives of, cannot be inquired into, 54 (n).
LEGISLATURE,-supremacy of, 123–132, 154–159;-referring a statute to a
popular vote, 135-138, 135 (n);-has no power to pass judicial acts, 139-
146, 138 (n), 139 (n); — examples, 145, 146, 138 (n), 139 (n);—may authorize
courts to reopen a case, 139 (n);-may pass certain quasi judicial acts,
139 (n);—may pass private statutes in relation to persons not sui juris,
charities, etc., 140 (n), 141 (n), 147-151;-power to pass curative statutes,
and their effect, 141 (n),−144 (n),—-viz., on existing judgments, ib.,—and in
legalizing defective proceedings of municipal corporations, ib.,—or of married
women, ib.,
-or of tax proceedings, ib.,-or of sales of infant's real estate, ib.,
-or of municipal subscriptions, ib.,- but cannot disturb vested rights, ib.,—
power to authorize sale of property of infants, married women, or by trus-
tees, 147-151;-intention of to be ascertained and to govern, 195-197;-no
power to decide finally whether a use is public, 443 (n), 444 (n); — sole
power to decide as to the necessity of taking private property if the use is
public, 444, 444 (n); - delegation of this power, 445 (n), 446 (n) ;-no power
to take property for a private use, 446-451;-may compel towns to con-
struct highways, 446 (n);-grants by, 590-592, 594;-power over corpora-
tions when right to repeal or amend has been reserved, 620 (n),—622 (n);
power over vested rights, see "Vested Rights;"-power to pass retrospect-
ive laws, see "Retrospective Laws."
"LESSEE" of a railroad, meaning of, 372 (n).
LIBERAL CONSTRUCTION, 308-316;-general rule, 308-310;-examples.
of, 308 (n), 311 (n), 312 (n), 312-315;-equity of a statute, 311-315.
LICENSE LAWS, effect of repeal of, 109 (n);-submission of to popular
vote, 136 (n);-in general, 436 (n). (See "Police Powers.")
LICENSES, 503 (n), 504 (n). See "Taxation ;"-not contracts, 584 (n),
585 (n).
LIEBER'S rules of construction, 246–248.
LIMITATIONS OF ACTIONS, statutes of, 83-86;-effect of a repeal of, 109
(n); when retrospective, 161 (n), 162 (n);--when valid and operative, 478
(n);-effect of on obligations of contracts, 634-637, 613 (n).
LIMITING clause, construction of, 226 (n).
LIQUORS, laws prohibiting sale of, not ex post facto, 559 (n).
LITERAL meaning, when not to be followed, 255 (n).
LOCAL ASSESSMENTS, 426-434, 426 (n)-429 (n).
LOCAL LAWS, submission of, to popular vote, 135 (n), 136 (n).
LOCAL STATUTES, titles and subjects of, 528 (n), 529 (n).
LOCAL TAXATION, 429 (n)-432 (n);—in aid of railroads, 429 (n)-431
(n);-in aid of educational institutions, 431 (n);-for bounties to volunteers,
432 (n);-for other local purposes, 431 (n), 432 (n).
LOCKE'S opinion on the power of legislatures, 123, 124.
"LOWEST bidder," meaning of, 372 (n).
MAJORITIES, required by the Constitution, 533, 534, 533 (n);—how ascer-
tained and proved, 54, 55, 55 (n) ;—of two-thirds, meaning of, 533 (n), 534;
-"majority of electors," meaning of, 533 (n). (See "Constitutional Major-
ities.")
"MALICIOUSLY," meaning of, 375.
MANDATORY statutes. (See "Directory and Mandatory Statutes.")
MARRIAGE, solemnized in violation of statute, 73;--not a contract, 601-603,
581 (n), 582 (n). (See "Obligation of Contracts.")
MARRIED WOMEN, deeds of, power of Legislature to validate, 142 (n),
147-151;-their separate prop erty, statutes relating to, how construed, 268
(n), 269 (n), 271 (n).
MARTIAL, courts, of the militia, trial and punishment by, are "due process
of law," and valid, 476 (n). (See "Due Process of Law.")
MARYLAND, law as to taxation, 509 (n).
MASSACHUSETTS, colonial laws of, 34-37 ;--law as to taxation, 510 (n).
MAY OR SHALL, may and shall, 375-377, 375 (n).
MEMBERS of the Legislature, motives of cannot be inquired into, 54 (n).
MICHIGAN, law as to taxation, 509 (n).
MILITIA courts martial, trial by, due process of law, 476 (n).
MILLS, mill dams, etc., whether a public use, 447 (n).
MINOR offences, jury trial for, 491 (n), 492 (n).
MISCELLANEOUS constitutional provisions, 538-541, 538 (n)-540 (n).
MISDESCRIPTION, effect of, 354.
MISSOURI, law as to taxation, 510 (n).
MISTAKE, effect of, 354 (n).
"MIXED STATUTES" of the civilians, 34.
MONOPOLIES, grants of, strictly construed, 291-296;-in general, 540 (n).
MONTESQUIEU, his definition of law, 2.
"MONTH," meaning of, 358, 372 (n).
MOTIVES of legislators, not to be inquired into, 54 (n).
MUNICIPAL AID to railroads, etc., 429 (n)-431 (n).
MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS,-charters of, and laws affecting may be sub-
mitted to a popular vote, 135 (n);-defective ordinances and proceedings of,
when may be validated by the Legislature, 141 (n)-143 (n); titles of stat-
utes relating to, 522 (n)-525 (n); charters of, not contracts, 582 (n)-584 (n).
MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES, 392-403; local self-government, principle of,
392-394;-legislative power of municipal corporations, 395;--to tax, 395,
396,-for purposes of public safety, 396,-over nuisances, 396, 397;-con-
struction of, 397;-authority to pass, to be strictly followed, 397-399;-must
not conflict with the general law, 400, 401;-mode of passage of, 402;-
proof of, 403;-not contracts, 600.
NATIONAL Taxation, 507 (n), 508 (n). (See "Taxation.")
"NAVIGATE," meaning of, 378.
NECESSITY or expediency of taking private property for public use to be
finally determined by the Legislature, 444, 444 (n),—or by the persons to
whom the power is delegated, 445 (n), 446 (n).
NEGATIVE STATUTES, 31, 32;-negative meaning when implied in affirms-
tive language, 31 (n);—rule as to expressio unius, 31 (n).
NEGROES and mulattoes, citizens, 562 (n), 563 (n).
NEW TRIAL, when not a twice putting in jeopardy, 573 (n), 574 (n),—for
what may be granted, ib.
NEW YORK, banking system of, 379–383;-law as to taxation, 509 (u).
"NEXT of kin," meaning of, 372 (n).
NON USER, repeal by, 96, 97.
"NOTICE," meaning of, 378.
NOTICE OF APPLICATION for the passage of private statutes, 52, 53.
NUISANCES, abating, 436 (n). (See "Police Powers.")
OBJECT of statutes,-limiting effect of on general words, 361 (n).
OBLIGATION OF CONTRACTS, 580-642:-
What is a contract within the meaning of the provision, 581-603, 581 (n)–
589 (n),—all private contracts executory and executed, are, 581-590;
-legislative grants to private persons are, 590-592,-charters of
private corporations are, 592, 585 (n), 586 (n),--collateral stipulations in
such charters are, 594, 586 (n),-special privileges in a bank charter as to its
notes, 596,-exemptions of the corporation from taxation, 597, 586 (n)-588
(n), but such exemption must be express, 599,-stipulations restraining the
State's power of eminent domain, are, 596, 588 (n),-stipulations restraining
the State's police powers are not, 588 (n),-charter of private corporations to
be strictly construed, 595,--compacts between two States are,-595, 596,—
statutes creating public offices are not, 600, 585 (n),-municipal ordinances
are not, 600,-marriage is not, 601–603, 581 (n), 583 (n),—charters of mu-
nicipal corporations are not, 582 (n), 583 (n),--how far contracts made by
municipal corporations are protected, 584, 583 (n),—statutory permission to
sue the State is not, 584 (n),—licenses are not, 584 (n), 585 (n),—miscellane-
ous cases, 588 (n) :—what is included within the contract as forming a part
of it, 589 (n):
"Obligation" of a contract defined, 603 (n), 604 (n) :
What State laws impair the obligation of contracts, 603–642, 605 (n)–622
(n):-statutes applying directly to the terms of a contract, 606-622, 606 (n)
-609 (n),-State insolvent or bankrupt laws, 606–622, 606 (n), 607 (n),—
laws affecting private corporations, 607 (n),—such corporations are subject to
the powers of taxation, police, and eminent domain, 607 (n), 608 (n),—police
powers over such corporations, 608 (n),-ditto, taxing power, 608 (n), 609
(n), ditto, power of eminent domain, 638, 639, 609 (n) ;-laws which oper-
ate directly on the remedy, 623–634, 609 (n)–617 (n), what is the remedy
and how it may be affected, 609 (n), 610 (n),—stay laws, 611 (n), 612 (n),——
exemption laws, 612 (n),-homestead exemptions, 613 (n),-arrest for debt,
613 (n),-limitations of actions, 634-637, 613 (n),-recording acts, 614 (n),
-administration of justice, courts, actions, pleadings, practice, evidence, etc.
614 (n),―scaling laws, 615 (n),—redemption laws, 615 (n), 616 (n),—ap-
praisement laws, 616 (n),-miscellaneous laws, 616 (n),-enlarging, improv.
ing, or modifying the remedy, 617 (n) :--
Effect of changes in State constitutions, 637, 638;-statutes affecting mu-
nicipal corporations, 618 (n);-laws incidentally or indirectly affecting con-
tracts, 619 (n);-who can complain, 620 (n) :-
Power of the Legislature when the right to amend or repeal charters has
been reserved, 620 (n)-622 (n).
OFFENCES created by statute, when joint and when several, 79;-minor,
jury trial for, 491 (n), 492 (n).
OFFICERS, public, relief against their acts, 81, 82;--construction of statutes
conferring authority upon, 329–331.
OFFICES, public, are not contracts, 600, 585 (n).
ONE TRIAL only for same offence, 572, 573,572 (n)-575 (n). (See "Jeo-
pardy.")
"OPERATIVE,” 372 (n).
"OR" AND "AND," use of, 371 (n).
ORDINANCES, municipal, 392-403. (See "Municipal Ordinances.")
"OWNERS OR OCCUPIERS," meaning of, 372 (n).
"PAR," meaning of, 372 (n).
"PARI MATERIA," statutes in, construction of, 209-212. (See "Construc-
tion, etc.")
PARKS and squares, a public use, 447 (n).
PARLIAMENT of Great Britain, power of, 120, 121;-ditto, to pass bills of
attainder, 121.
"PARTICULAR SERVICES," provision in regard to in crtain States, 512.
PARTICULAR WORDS, construction of, 371-379;-effect of, in qualifying
general words. (See "General Words.")
PASSAGE of statutes, proof of, 55, 55 (n).
PATENTS of land, 387, 392. (See "Grants of Lands.")
PAUPER, settlement of, statutes relating to, when retrospective, 162 (n).
PENAL STATUTES, 32, 333-336;-pleading in actions on, 89;-to be
strictly construed, 279-287,-ancient rule, 280-282,-relaxed in modern
times, 282-287,-examples, 279 (n),-construction not to be so strict as to
defeat the plain intent, 279 (n), 280 (n);-treble damages in, 334;-number
of penalties, 336.
PENALTY,—in a statute implies prohibition, 71;-statutory, when the only
remedy, 76, 77,-when election between it and common-law remedy, 75-77;
-when single and when several, 79;-effect of on contracts, 339;—when ex-
clusive and when cumulative, 341–345;—when statutes affecting are ex post
facto, 559 (n), 560 (n).
PEOPLE, submission of laws to vote of, 135-138, 135 (n)−137 (n).
"PERISHABLE," meaning of, 372 (n).
"PERSON," meaning of, 372 (n).
PERSONS NOT SUI JURIS, private statutes in relation to, 140 (n), 141 (n),
147-151.
"PERSONAL PROPERTY," meaning of, 372 (n).
"PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE," meaning of, 372 (n).
PERSONAL STATUTES of the civilians, 33.
PETTY OFFENCES, 436 (n) (See "Police Powers ");--jury trial for, 491
(n), 492 (n).
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