rectified oil at that. Note that a small amount of expressed oil of almond is added to facilitate emulsification. • Dose.-2 mils (30 minims). Emulsum Ammoniaci (U.S.P. 1890) is a 4 per cent. emulsion of the gum-resin ammoniac made by triturating the drug in the form of tears, with water. Emulsum Chloroformi (U.S.P. VIII) is prepared by shaking 40 mils of chloroform in a flask with 10 Gm. of powdered tragacanth, and then adding 250 mils of water. After vigorous shaking, 60 mils of expressed oil of almond are added to the mixture in several portions and when the emulsion is completed enough water is added little by little to make 1000 mils of finished product. In making this emulsion, tragacanth is the emulsifying agent, the chloroform being assisted to minute subdivision by means of expressed oil of almond, which also aids in making the emulsion permanent. Note that this is one of the so-called "flask emulsions," being made by shaking the ingredients in a bottle, saving the soiling of a mortar. Another official flask emulsion is emulsion of oil of turpentine, and it might be added that all emulsions of volatile oils can be so made. Emulsions of fixed oils and of gum-resins, on the other hand, should always be made in a mortar. Emulsum olei ricini. synonym Emulsion of cod Emulsion of cod Emulsion of cod Emulsion of cod trolatum. Ingredients Cod liver oil, 500 mils; calcium lacto- Cod liver oil, 500 mils; precipitated cal- Cod liver oil, 500 mils; hypophosphites Cod liver oil, 300 mils; tragacanth; Cod liver oil, 500 mils; fluidextract of Cod liver oil, 500 mils; glycerite of yolk Castor oil, 350 mils; acacia; tincture of Dose.-45 mils (14 vanilla; syrup; water. Emulsum petrolati. Emulsion of pe- Petrolatum, 225 Gm.; expressed oil of almond; acacia; syrup; tincture of lemon peel; water. fluidounces). Dose.-15 mils fluidounce). DOSES OF OFFICIAL EMULSIONS 2 mils (1⁄2 fluidrachm). 15 mils (4 fluidrachms) No dose. Emulsion of oil of turpentine. LINIMENTS Liniments are liquid preparations for external use, applied by friction. Not all official liniments contain insoluble matter, for, as shown in the table of preparations (p. 170), some are clear alcoholic solutions; in fact, but two of the official liniments-ammonia and lime liniments-are opaque. But since some of the rest are alcoholic solutions-such as soap liniment and some are clear oleaginous solutions such as camphor liniment-and one is a more or less transparent semisolid mass-turpentine liniment-there seems no definite basis of pharmaceutic grouping of liniments, hence they were left under "liquids containing insoluble matter," to be the last class of pharmaceutic liquids to be discussed. LINIMENTUM AMMONIÆ Ammonia Liniment This preparation, commonly called hartshorn liniment, or volatile liniment, is a saponaceous emulsion, and will, therefore, be considered among the soaps (Part IV). LINIMENTUM BELLADONNE-Belladonna Liniment Condensed Recipe. (Lin. Bellad.) Camphor (50 Gm.) is dissolved in enough fluidextract of belladonna to make 1 liter. For details, see U.S.P., p. 233. Remarks. This consists of the fluidextract of belladonna in which 5 per cent. of camphor is dissolved. LINIMENTUM CALCIS-Lime Liniment This liniment (Carron oil) is a saponaceous emulsion, and will, therefore, be discussed in Part IV. LINIMENTUM CAMPHORÆ-Camphor Liniment (Lin. Camph. Camphorated Oil) One hundred grammes of Liniment of Camphor yields not less than 19.5 Gm. nor more than 20.5 Ġm. of camphor. This preparation is not intended for hypodermic use. Condensed Recipe. Coarsely powdered camphor (200 Gm.) is dissolved in 800 Gm. cotton seed oil that has been heated on a water-bath. For details see U.S.P., p. 233. Remarks. In preparing this liniment (commonly called camphorated oil) the pharmacist should be very careful in choosing a winter-strained cotton seed oil, that is, an oil that has been filtered during the cold weather, and, therefore, is freed from dissolved solid matter. If the so-called summer-strained oil is used in making such a liniment, on the first subjection to cold the liniment will become cloudy, and will scarcely reflect credit upon the pharmacist from whom it was bought. LINIMENTUM CHLOROFORMI-Chloroform Liniment Condensed Recipe. (Lin. Chlorof.) Three hundred mils of chloroform are dissolved by agitation in 700 mils of soap liniment. For details, see U.S.P., p. 234. Remarks. This liniment is made by mixing soap liniment and chloroform, and is one of the most valuable of penetrating liniments. LINIMENTUM SAPONIS-Soap Liniment Condensed Recipe. (Lin. Sapon.-Liquid Opodeldoc) Ingredients.-Soap, 60 Gm.; camphor, 45 Gm.; oil of rosemary, 10 mils; alcohol 700 mils; water, enough to make 1 liter. Manipulation.-Dissolve the camphor and the oil in the alcohol; then add the soap and the water. Shake until the soap is dissolved; let stand; filter. For details, see U.S.P. p. 234. Remarks. Soap liniment is the base of chloroform liniment, and is used quite largely for the extemporaneous preparation of a number of liniments. Thus it is used in preparing a liniment of quinine, which, when applied by friction to children, produces the physiologic effects of quinine without it being taken in by the mouth. Soap liniment is sometimes called liquid opodeldoc, the original being a preparation similar to the official soap liniment, but containing enough soap to render it solid at ordinary temperatures. When the solid opodeldoc is warmed gently, it liquefies. A recipe for solid opodeldoc is found in the National Formulary. LINIMENTUM SAPONIS MOLLIS-Liniment of Soft Soap (Lin. Sapon. Moll.-Tincture of Green Soap) Condensed Recipe. Dissolve 20 mils of oil of lavender and 650 Gms of soft soap in 300 mils of alcohol. Let stand twenty-four hours, filter and wash the filter with enough alcohol to make 1 liter. Remarks. This was called tincture of green soap in the pharmacopoeia of 1880, and is prepared by dissolving soft soap in alcohol and flavoring with oil of lavender. It is used almost exclusively as an application to the scalp, and is, therefore, the basis of a number of hair-tonics. LINIMENTUM TEREBINTHINE-Turpentine Liniment Condensed Recipe. (Lin. Terebinth.-Kentish's Ointment) Dissolve 650 Gm. rosin cerate, previously melted on a water-bath in 350 mils of oil of turpentine. Remarks. This is the only official liniment made with oil of turpentine as a base. It consists of rosin cerate thinned with the volatile oil, and is a semisolid mass that should be dispensed in an ointment jar. Doses of Liniments.-As all liniments are used externally, no doses are given. Linimentum sapo- Compound lini- Soft soap; oil of cade; alcohol. nis mollis positum. com ment of soft Linimentum sinapis Compound lini- Volatile oil of mustard, 30 mils; fluid- Linimentum terebin- Stokes' liniment. Oil of turpentine, 400 mils; oil of lemon; called Sometimes See p. 266. Also called linimentum album and St. John Long's lini ment. LIQUID PETROXOLINS These are a class of fluid preparations for external use in which the basis is a combination of liquid petrolatum and ammonium oleate. Petroxolinum Liquidum (N.F.) is made by mixing liquid petrolatum and oleic acid, adding alcohol and then stronger ammonia water and after saponification is completed by use of the heat of a water-bath, oil of lavender is added as a perfume. From this is prepared directly betanaphthol petroxolin, (containing 10 per cent. of betanaphthol) cade petrozolin (25 per cent. oil of cade), camphorated chloroform petroxolin (chloroform and camphor, 25 per cent. each) creosote petroxolin (creosote, 20 per cent.) eucalyptol petrozolin (20 per cent. eucalyptol) guaiacol petroxolin (20 per cent. guaiacol) diluted odine petrozolin (5 per cent. iodine); iodoform petroxolin (3 per cent. iodoform dissolved in liquid petroxolin by use of acetone and oleic acid; eucalyptol being used as perfume); menthol petroxolin (17 per cent. menthol); methyl salicylate petroxolin (20 per cent. methyl salicylate); phenol petroxolin (5 per cent. phenol); camphorated phenol petrozolin (phenol, 1212 per cent. and camphor, 371⁄2 per cent. are liquefied and are then dissolved in liquid petroxolin); tar petroxolin (25 per cent. of oil of tar); sulphurated petroxolin (sulphur, 3 per cent., is dissolved in linseed oil and the fluid dissolved in oleic acid and liquid petroxolin; compound sulphurated petroxolin (10 parts of sulphurated petroxolin and are diluted to 100 parts, oil of cade, thymol, eucalyptol oil of turpentine and liquid petroxolin being used in the dilution); and Venice turpentine petrocolin (20 per cent. Venice turpentine). Iodine petrox (10 per cent.) is made by dissolving that amount of iodine in alcohol prior to blending that fluid with the other ingredients required to make liquid petrox. INFUSED OILS Olea infusa (N.F.) are a class of oleaginous preparations for external use, made by macerating the drug with alcohol and ammonia water and then digesting the mixture with sesame oil at 60° to 70° until the alcohol and the ammonia water have evaporated. They are supposed to represent in each 1000 Gm., the activity of 100 Gm. of drug. The Formulary gives a general recipe for infused oils, of which the most popular is the infused oil of hyoscyamus, which is the basis of the compound oil of hyoscyamus, which is largely used in France, as a remedy for ear-ache under the name baume tranquille. SPRAYS-NEBULÆ These represent a class of preparations, now largely prescribed by throat specialists, and which consist of light liquid petrolatum in which is dissolved various aromatics and other medicaments. The National Formulary gives recipes for nebula aromatica (containing phenol, menthol, thymol, camphor, benzoic acid, eucalyptol, oils of cinnamon and clove and methyl salicylate) nebula eucalyptolis (5 per cent.); nebula mentholis (2 per cent.); nebula mentholis composita (containing menthol, camphor, methyl salicylate, eucalyptol and oil of cinnamon); and finally nebula thymolis (1 per cent.). These sprays are employed in atomizers for carrying the medicinal substances into the passages of the throat and lungs. BIBLIOGRAPHY Brown Mixture.-Duhamel, A.J.P., 11, 1840, 284. Mixture of Rhubarb and Soda.-McElhenie, A. Ph.A., 57, 1909, 91. Lotio Alba.-Raubenheimer, Jl. A.Ph.A., 3, 1914, 692. Emulsions.-(History) Gregory, A.Ph.Á., 24, 1876, 485. (Manufacture) Arny, Bull. Pharm., 13, 1899, 325; Bourdier, Jl. de ph. et ch., 26, 1907, 207; Rice, Am. Dr., 14, 1885, 64 and 86. (Physics) Bancroft, Jl. Phys. Ch., 16, 1912, 177, 345 and 475; Roon, Jl. A.Ph.A., 5, 1916, 496. (Preservation) Dunning, A.Ph.A. 57, 1909, 70. (Emulsifiers) Painter, A.Ph.A., 35, 1887, 578; Lager, Am. Dr., 16, 1887, 108. 180. Emulsion of Cod Liver Oil.-Procter, A.J.P., 45, 1873, 43; Diehl, A.J.P., 54, 1882, Emulsion of Oil of Turpentine.-Forbes, A.J.P., 44, 1872, 61. Opodeldoc.-Rice, Am. Dr., 16, 1887, 22; Buchner, Rep. f.d. Ph., 12, 1822, 249. CHAPTER XVII EXTRACTS, ABSTRACTS, RESINS THESE three classes of preparations include the only solid pharmaceuticals prepared by percolation. EXTRACTS Extracts are solid or semisolid preparations of the soluble and active principles of drugs prepared by percolation of the drug with the appropriate menstruum and evaporation of the percolate. The menstruum employed varies as much as that directed for fluidextracts, being alcoholic, hydro-alcoholic, aqueous, alcoholic and alkaline, or alcoholic and acid. A special form of extracts, called inspissated juices, are popular in England, but have no representative in the present pharmacopoeia of the United States. They were, however, represented in the pharmacopoeia of 1880 by the then official extract of taraxacum. The present official extract of taraxacum is not an inspissated juice, but is prepared by percolation of the drug with hydro-alcoholic menstruum. Extract of taraxacum (U.S.P. 1890) was scarcely a fair type of the inspissated juices, the most prominent of these being the dried juices from the leaves of plants, and, therefore, containing chlorophyl. Such inspissated juices |